Reference | Intervention | Findings |
---|---|---|
[10] | 62 ± 2 yr; IC > 1y; ABI: 0.58 ± 0.03; GT test → muscle biopsy of gastrocnemius | ↓ maximal walking time, peak power, ABI, VO2 in PAD limbs; ↓ type I ↑ IIA fibres; ↔ IIB; 9% ↓ CSA; ↔ Capillary to fibre ratio; ↔ Muscle glycogen |
[151] | 68–71 yr; ABI: 0.64 ± 0.04; ↑ Smokers in PAD group; GT test → muscle biopsy of gastrocnemius | ↓ Mitochondrial activity of complex I and III; |
[27] | IC group with ABI = 0.35 ± 0.06; CLI group with ABI = 0.27 ± 0.05; Muscle biopsy of Gastrocnemius; More male in all groups; ↑ smokers, diabetes, hypertension in both PAD groups; ↓ obese in both PAD groups | Features of progressive muscle degeneration (i.e. myofibre atrophy, loss of the polygonal fibre shape, nuclear clumps, ↑ central nucleation, fibre vacuolization, target lesions, myofibre regeneration, myofibre necrosis and fibrosis and replacement of muscle by adipose tissue; |
[190] | CLI; Study of popliteal arteries after amputation | ↑ ET-1 plasma levels by 4-fold and ‘locally’ in femoral artery; ↑ atherosclerosis in popliteal arteries; ET-1 & receptors ETA ETB were associated with the luminal endothelium, ECs of the adventitial vasa vasorum and neural microvessels. ETA receptor similar in distribution to ET-1, co-localising with macrophages. |
[148] | Diabetes, Hypercholesterolaemia, Hypertension; 76 yrs old; Grade III (intermediate), IV and V (advanced) lesions; Femoral artery samples | ↑ inflammation in both stages, with different gene expression patterns; ↑ proteolysis and anti-proliferation markers & ↓ cell metabolism, catabolism in intermediate stage; ↑ vascular extracellular matrix markers & ↓ markers of protein folding, apoptosis, protein modification in advanced lesions |
[150] | ABI = 0.55 ± 0.21; Age & sex matched; Diabetes, CAD, Dyslipidaemia, Hypertension; ↑ Smokers in PAD group; Muscle biopsy of gastrocnemius | ↑ desmin by 21.5%; Abnormal morphology of myofibres with ↓ CSA, Negative correlation between CSA, morphology and desmin content; ↓ mitochondrial respiration from complex I and IV with irregular distribution; Negative correlation between isometric plantarflexor strength and desmin |
[6] | Sex & Aged Matched; Type I Diabetes, CAD, Dyslipidaemia, Hypertension; ↑ Smokers in PAD groups Fontaine stage II (ABI = 0.53 ± 0.04) and IV (ABI = 0.25 ± 0.04); Muscle biopsy of gastrocnemius | ↑ 25% of carbonyl content in all fibre types, mostly in type II fibres for all PAD patients; ↓ CSA; ↑ carbonyl content in PAD-IV vs. PAD-II patients; ↑ damage in type II fibres in PAD-II, whereas in PAD-IV type II and I/II had equal damage; Shift from type II to type I for both stages; |
[141] | Age & Sex Matched; ↑ Smokers, Diabetes, CAD, Hypertension & Dyslipidaemia in PAD group; Advanced PAD ABI = 0.34 ± 0.05; Muscle biopsy of gastrocnemius | ↓ activity of complexes I, III and IV; ↓ mitochondrial respiration; ↓ protein expression of MnSOD; ↑ Catalase, GPx activity; ↔ CuSOD activity; ↑ Carbonyl content, Lipid hydroperoxides and 4-HNE adducts; ↔ Mitochondrial number; |
[155] | Mean ABI = 0.4; Lower extremities operations | ↔ mitochondrial respiration in baseline; ↓ mitochondrial respiration state 3 and 4 |
[9] | Age & sex matched; ↑ CAD & Hypertension in PAD groups; matched for smoking, myocardial infraction, stroke, renal insufficiency, obesity, dyslipidaemia; Fontaine Stage II, III and IV; ABI = 0.34 ± 0.24; Lower extremities operations | ↑ carbonyl content and 4-HNE adducts in line with advanced stages of disease; ↓ myofibre CSA; ↑ oxidative damage |
[192] | Age & Sex Matched; ABI = 0.6 ± 0.18; ↑ smokers and statin treatment in PAD group; Gardner Protocol; Muscle Biopsy of gastrocnemius | ↑ apoptosis of endothelial cells in myofibres; ↑ caspase 3 expression; |
[288] | Age matched; ABI < 0.9 for PAD patients; Smokers, non-diabetic; Muscle biopsy of gastrocnemius | ↓ capillary density in gastrocnemius of PAD patients associated with ↓ VO2max, peak walking time and claudication onset time |
[183] | Age & Sex Matched; Diabetic and smokers in both CLI and healthy control group; Muscle biopsy of gastrocnemius in CLI and control group followed by amputation in CLI group | ↑ capillary density and capillary to myofibre ratio in gastrocnemius of CLI patients; abnormal structure of the capillaries in CLI group |
[162] | ABI = 0.50 ± 0.17; Smokers, non-diabetic; Muscle biopsy of Gastrocnemius | ↑ mtDNA deletion (4977 bp) deletion in both limbs but ↑↑ in the affected limb; ↑ other mtDNA deletions |
[184] | Sex Matched; ↑ Age in PAD group; ABI = 0.64 ± 0.2; Muscle biopsy of gastrocnemius after exercise | ↔ VEGFA concentration; ↔ VEGF165b; ↔ VEGFR1 concentration; ↓ capillaries in IC |
[182] | Age matched; only male; CAD, Dyslipidaemia, Diabetes; Fontaine stage II-IV; ABI = 0.31 ± 0.25; Muscle biopsy of Gastrocnemius | ↑ FoxO1 protein levels negatively correlated with ABI ↔ FoxO3a levels; ↑ p27KIP1 and THSB1 |
[147] | Aged matched; ↑ hypercholesterolaemia, smokers and male in PAD group; Fontaine stage III and IV; femoral and popliteal arteries | ↑ serum PON1 and CCL2; ↑ thicker tunica intima/tunica media ratio in femoral arteries; ↑ calcium deposits in the media; ↑ PON1, PON3, CD68 (mainly in intima), CCL2 and its receptors DARC, CCBP2 not CCR2 in affected arteries |
[142] | Fontaine stage IIa and IIb | ↑ serum YKL-40 in PAD patients |
[163] | Age & Gender Matched; ↑ hypertension in PAD group; ABI = 0.73 ± 0.14; | ↓ capillary density and ↔ capillary/fibre ratio, CSA of fibres; ↑ thickening in basement membrane of lumina; ↓ volume of mitochondria |
[143] | PAD with Fontaine stage III and IV | Correlation of PAD and serum cytokines for VEGF, CCL2 and TNFα |
[144] | Only PAD patients with ABI = 0.72 ± 0.24 (no control group) | ↑ gait impairment that correlated with hsCRP and ICAM-1 |
[191] | PAD-II (Fontaine stage II, ABI = 0.55 ± 0.22) and PAD-IV (stage IV, ABI = 0.22 ± 0.13) vs control group; Gender matched; Age matched only PAD-II vs control | ↑ 3.5-fold in PAD-II and ↑ 8-fold in PAD-IV of TGFβ-1 vs Control; Correlation of collagen density and stage of PAD with TGFβ-1; TGFβ-1 was expressed only by sub-endothelial SMCs and associated with accumulation of fibroblasts and collagen deposition |
[264] | PAD Fontaine Stage IIb vs control group; | ↔ mRNA level and dialysate VEGF but ↓ protein in PAD vs control; ↔ mRNA levels of VEGFR-2, TSP1 and eNOS; ↑ dialysate of TSP1 |
[186] | PAD with/without CAD and control group; PAD patients with either IC (70%) or CLI (27%); Age/gender matched | ↓↓ in PAD with/without CAD and ↓ in PAD with CAD of flow-mediated dilation and reactive hyperaemia |
[132] | CLI; Amputated limbs | ↑ calcification of media; lesions lacked of lipids and inflammatory cells, with atherosclerosis being present in less than 25%; Majority had type V, I and II lesions |
[161] | Patients with IC and control group; ↑ dyslipidaemia, hypertension, CAD; age matched; | ↓ glucose uptake from calf muscle in IC patients; glucose uptake correlates with whole body insulin resistance (with/without diabetes) and not ABI |
[133] | PAD patients with IC and CLI (41%); | Majority had type V-VII plaques in femoral arteries; Type of lesions did not correlate with age, sex, diabetes and clinical stage; ↑ of inflammatory cells in lesions of CLI vs IC; No correlation between calcification and clinical stage; Correlation of SMCs and collagen deposition |
[154] | PAD patients with IC (ABI = 0.63 ± 0.16) and control group; Age/gender matched; Muscle biopsy from Gastrocnemius | Heterogeneity in fibre type distribution in PAD; ↔ capillary density that doesn’t correlate with fibre type; ↓ SDH and COX-1 activity in myofibres due to ↑ autophagy of the intermyofibrillar mitochondria |