Table 2 Retrospective analysis of BBs
From: Chronic stress in solid tumor development: from mechanisms to interventions
Cancer | Sample size | Phase | Outcome | β-Blocker subtype used in the study | Assessed perioperative β-blocker use | Combination of drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BC | 610 | Not applicable | Fail to corroborate BBs have a potential antitumor effect [152] | Not reported | No | No |
BC | 1413 | Not applicable | Associate with improved RFS [167] | Not reported | No | Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (anthracyclines and taxanes) |
BC | 1413 | Not applicable | Reduce distant metastasis, cancer recurrence, and cancer-specific mortality [143] | Propranolol | No | No |
BC | 18,733 | Not applicable | Reduce the risk of BC recurrence is not supported [155] | Metoprolol, sotalol | No | No |
TNBC | 800 | 4 | Associate with a lower risk of BC recurrence and death [142] | Carvedilol, sotalol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, nebivolol | No | No |
EOC | 185 | Not applicable | Perioperative BBs use is associated with longer OS among patients undergoing primary ovarian cancer debulking surgery [148] | Not reported | Yes | No |
EOC | 248 | Not applicable | Associate with a 54% lower chance of death compared with patients not on BBs [169] | Not reported | No | Cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy |
EOC | 801 | Not applicable | A selective beta-blocker (SBB) combination does not affect outcomes in patients receiving primary EOC therapy [160] | Not reported | No | No |
EOC | 1425 | Not applicable | Nonselective BBs use is associated with longer OS [149] | Not reported | No | No |
Stage II–IV EOC | 32 | Not applicable | Markers leading to adrenergic stress response have been reduced before surgery and during initial chemotherapy; BBs may improve baseline quality of life (TPO) and overall QOL, anxiety, and depression [172] | Propranolol | No | No |
Invasive EOC | 743 | Not applicable | No clear relationship between BBs and ovarian cancer mortality [159] | Not reported | No | No |
NSCLC | 77 | 3 | Postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy improve OS and DMFS [165] | Propranolol | No | Cisplatin and radiation therapy |
NSCLC | 435 | 1,2,3 | Administration of BBs during the perioperative period did not improve RFS or OS in patients undergoing resection [157] | Not reported | Yes | No |
NSCLC | 722 | Not applicable | Associated with improved locoregional PFS, DMFS, disease-free survival (DFS), and OS [168] | Not reported | No | Radiation therapy |
NSCLC | 1753 | 3 | Not affect OS in stage III inoperable NSCLC [158] | Propranolol | No | No |
Metastatic NSCLC | 107 | Not applicable | BBs use during CT may be associated with an improved OS for patients [147] | Metoprolol | No | No |
Lung cancer | 3340 | Not applicable | Not associated with reduced mortality [156] | Not reported | No | No |
Melanoma | 741 | Not applicable | Associated with a reduced risk of melanoma recurrence and death [145] | Not reported | No | No |
Melanoma | 53 | Not applicable | BBs protect patients from disease recurrence [146] | Propranolol | No | No |
Metastatic melanoma | 9 | 1 | The combination therapy is a safe prospective clinical trial with preliminary synergistic antitumor activity [166] | Propranolol | No | Pembrolizumab |
Metastatic melanoma | 195 | Not applicable | A strategy of BBs combined with immunotherapy can improve OS [170] | Not reported | No | IL-2, αCTLA-4 and/or αPD-1 therapy |
CRC | 1975 | 4 | BBs may be associated with longer survival in patients with stage IV CRC [144] | Not reported | No | No |
Metastatic CRC | 514 | Not applicable | The combination of BBs and bevacizumab improved PFS and OS [171] | Not reported | No | Bevacizumab |
Pancreatic and prostate cancer | 3462 | Not Applicable | Not supporting BBs improve survival in common cancers [153] | Not reported | No | No |
Breast, colorectal, lung, or prostate cancer | 15,582 | Not applicable | BBs are not associated with improved survival in patients, and BBs did not affect survival in any cancer [154] | Not reported | No | No |
PDAC | 2054 | Not applicable | May improve survival in PDAC patients [150] | Not reported | No | No |
Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) | 913 | Not applicable | Use of BBs within 90Â days before surgery is not associated with PFS, CSS, or OS [161] | Not reported | No | No |