Table 4 Summary of SENAs associated with disease activity and severity of multiple sclerosis in human patients
From: Brain alarm by self-extracellular nucleic acids: from neuroinflammation to neurodegeneration
SENA | Study population | Sample type | RNA/DNA name | Findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
miRNA | 20 HC 151 MS | CSF | miR-142-3p | Upregulated in MS patients Expression positively correlated with disease progression | [73] |
30 HC 30 MS | PBMC | miR-193a | Downregulated in MS patients Expression inversely correlated with disability level and disease severity | [326] | |
32 HC 15 CIS 61 RRMS | Whole blood | miR-146a, miR-155 | Upregulated in RRMS compared to HC and CIS Expression positively correlated with disability level | [331] | |
30 HC 15 RRMS 11 SPMS 4 PPMS | Serum | miR-146a, miR-155 | Upregulated in RRMS and SPMS compared to HC Expression positively correlated with disability level | [337] | |
21 HC 24 RRMS | Plasma | miR-125a-5p | Upregulated in RRMS compared to HC Increased in RRMS patients with a higher disability level | [130] | |
10 HC 25 RRMS | Blood CD8+ T cells | miR-146a-5p | Downregulated in RRMS compared to HC Increased in RRMS patients with a higher disability level | [97] | |
miR-155 | Downregulated in RRMS compared to HC Expression positively correlated with disability level and duration of disease | ||||
20 HC 25 CIS 117 RRMS 24 PMS | CSF | let-7b-5p | Upregulated in RRMS compared to PMS Expression inversely correlated with central and peripheral inflammation in non-PMS (CIS + RRMS) Positively correlated with cognitive performance in non-PMS Negatively correlated with disability level in PMS | [252] | |
15 HC 15 RRMS (relapse) 16 RRMS (remission) 16 PPMS 15 SPMS | Serum | miR-572 | Downregulated in the overall group of MS patients compared to HC Downregulated in PPMS and RRMS (remission) compared to HC Higher in SPMS compared to PPMS Higher in RRMS (relapse) compared to RRMS (relapse) Expression positively correlated with disability level in the overall group of MS patients | [250] | |
28 CIS-CIS 30 CIS-RRMS | CSF | miRNA-181c | Expression level positively correlates with probability of conversion to RRMS after 1 year | [5] | |
42 HC 25 RRMS (relapse) 18 RRMS (remission) | Peripheral blood leukocytes | miR-326 | Upregulated in relapsing phase of MS patients compared to HC and patients in remitting phase Enhanced expression in the CD4+ T cell population but not in the CD8+ T cell or non–T cell populations of patients with relapsing MS | [91] | |
20 HC 20 RRMS (relapse) 20 RRMS (remission) | Peripheral blood lymphocytes | miR-326, miR-26a | Upregulated in relapsing phase of MS patients compared to HC and patients in remitting phase | [157] | |
32 HC 50 RRMS 51 SPMS | Plasma | miR-92a-1 | Differently expressed in RRMS versus SPMS, and RRMS versus HC Expression associated with disability level and disease duration | [125] | |
lncRNA | 30 HC 30 CIS 30 RRMS (relapse) 30 RRMS (remission) 30 SPMS | Serum | RUNXOR | Downregulated in all MS patients in comparison with HC Within the MS patients’ groups, the downregulation increased with the progression of the disease, with the lowest value observed in the SPMS patients and the highest value in CIS patients In RRMS patients, relapse was associated with lower expression than remission | [148] |
30 HC 30 RRMS (relapse) 30 RRMS (remission) | PBMC | HOTAIR, THRIL, H19 | Upregulated in relapsing phase of MS patients compared to HC and patients in remitting phase Expression positively correlated with increased levels of TNF-α and MMP9 | [348] | |
NKILA | Downregulated in relapsing phase of patients compared to patients in remitting phase and HC Expression negatively correlated with the level of TNF-α | ||||
ANRIL | Upregulated both in relapsing and remitting phases of MS patients compared to HC Expression higher in patients in remitting phase than those in relapsing phase Expression positively correlated with increased level of IL-6 | ||||
10 HC 20 RRMS | Whole blood | MEG3a | Downregulated in MS patients Expression negatively correlated with disability level | [271] | |
43 RRMS (mild) 21 RRMS (severe) | Whole blood | ENSG00000260302, ENSG00000270972, ENSG00000272512, ENSG00000223387 | Differentially expressed between mild and severe phenotype MS | [140] | |
50 HC 100 MS | Serum | MAGI2-AS3 | Downregulated in MS patients Expression inversely correlated with disability level | [194] | |
104 HC 108 MS | Serum | GAS5 | Upregulated in MS patients Expression positively correlated with disability level | [336] | |
circRNA | 27 HC 18 RRMS (relapse) 27 RRMS (remission) | PBMC | circRNA_101145, circRNA_001896 | Downregulated in remitting phase of patients compared to patients in relapsing phase and HC Expression positively correlated with disability level | [274] |
27 HC 19 RRMS (relapse) 28 RRMS (remission) | PBMC | circRNA_101348, circRNA_104361 | Upregulated in relapsing phase of patients compared to patients in remitting phase and HC Expression positively correlated with gadolinium enhancement on brain MRI | [488] | |
cfDNA | 64 HC 60 RRMS | Whole blood | mtDNA | Copy number reduced in RRMS patients Copy number inversely correlated with disease duration | [6] |
23 HC 21 MS | CSF | mtDNA | Copy number increased in MS patients Copy number negatively correlated with disease duration | [380] | |
23 NINDC 50 RRMS 13 PPMS 27 SPMS | CSF | mtDNA | Copy number increased in PPMS and SPMS compared to NINDC Copy number positively correlated with disability level, T2 lesion volume and brain atrophy | [209] |