Table 5 Summary of circulating SENAs associated with disease state and severity of Alzheimer’s disease in human patients
From: Brain alarm by self-extracellular nucleic acids: from neuroinflammation to neurodegeneration
SENA | Study population | Sample type | RNA/DNA name | Findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
miRNA | 20 HC 40 AD 40 MCI | Plasma | miR-483-5p | Upregulated in AD and MCI (early stage AD patients) compared to HC, decreased in AD versus MCI Expression positively correlated with cognitive impairment | [325] |
26 sMCI 19 pMCI | Whole blood | miR-146a, miR-181a | Upregulated in patients with MCI who later converted to AD Expression positively correlated with hippocampal atrophy and disconnections in critical white matter brain regions | [15] | |
31 HC 30 MCI 25 AD | Plasma | miR-206 | Upregulated in AD and MCI compared to HC Expression positively correlated with cognitive decline in MCI patients over a 4-year longitudinal evaluation | [188] | |
86 HC 121 AD | Serum | miR-202 | Downregulated in AD patients Expression inversely correlated with cognitive impairment | [86] | |
32 HC 66 AD | Serum | miR-27a-3p | Downregulated in AD patients Expression negatively correlated with disease severity | [153] | |
53 AD | Plasma | miR-342-5p | Expression inversely correlated with cognitive decline over a 2-year follow-up period | [65] | |
41 HC 116 AD | Plasma | miR-21-5p, miR-126-3p | Upregulated in AD patients Expression positively correlated with cognitive impairment | [129] | |
60 HC 110 AD | Serum | miR-331-3p | Downregulated in AD patients Expression inversely correlated with cognitive impairment and blood levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines | [232] | |
30 HC 48 AD | Serum | miR-374b-5p | Downregulated in AD patients Expression negatively correlated with cognitive impairment | [452] | |
19 HC 42 AD | Plasma-derived extracellular vesicles | let-7 g-5p, miR126-3p, miR142-3p, miR146a-5p, mir223-3p | Expression negatively correlated with disease severity | [4] | |
45 HC 49 AD | Plasma | miR-146a | Expression positively correlated with cognitive impairment | [249] | |
120 HC 20 AD | Plasma | miR‐103, miR‐107 | Expression inversely correlated with dementia severity | [392] | |
23 HC 23 AD | Serum | miR-34a, miR-29b, miR-181 | Upregulated in AD patients Expression positively correlated with cognitive impairment | [2] | |
33 HC 33 AD | Serum | miR‑4722‑5p, miR‑615‑3p | Upregulated in AD patients Expression positively correlated with cognitive impairment | [235] | |
106 HC 117 AD | Serum | miR-128 | Upregulated in AD patients Expression positively correlated with cognitive impairment and blood levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines | [457] | |
18 HC 27 AD | Serum | miR-501-3p | Downregulated in AD patients Expression negatively correlated with cognitive impairment | [147] | |
62 HC 118 AD | Serum CSF | miR-433 | Downregulated in AD patients Expression negatively correlated with cognitive impairment | [396] | |
93 HC 108 AD | Serum | miR-193a-3p | Downregulated in AD patients Expression negatively correlated with cognitive impairment | [41] | |
98 HC 105 AD | Serum | miR-133b | Downregulated in AD patients Expression negatively correlated with cognitive impairment | [430] | |
62 HC 84 AD | Serum | miR-223 | Downregulated in AD patients Expression negatively correlated with cognitive impairment | [172] | |
lncRNA | 22 HC 22 AD | Whole blood | BDNF-AS | Upregulated in AD patients Expression positively correlated with cognitive impairment | [84] |
90 HC 90 AD | PBMC | lncRNA-17A | Upregulated in AD patients Expression positively correlated with cognitive impairment | [448] | |
32 HC 66 AD | Serum CSF | NEAT1 | Upregulated in AD patients Expression positively correlated with disease severity | [153] | |
30 HC 48 AD | Serum | MAGI2-AS3 | Upregulated in AD patients Expression positively correlated with cognitive impairment | [452] | |
120 HC 120 AD | Plasma CSF | MALAT1 | Downregulated in AD patients Expression inversely correlated with cognitive impairment | [480] | |
78 HC 82 AD | Serum | HOTAIR | Upregulated in AD patients Expression positively correlated with cognitive impairment | [239] | |
83 HC 108 AD | PBMC | GAS5 | Upregulated in AD patients Expression positively correlated with cognitive impairment and hippocampal atrophy | [49] | |
36 HC 45 AD | Plasma | BACE1-AS | Upregulated in severely impaired AD patients Expression positively correlated with cognitive impairment | [116] | |
circRNA | 50 HC 50 AD 20 DLB 40 VaD | Whole blood, Plasma | circ_0003391 | Downregulated in AD, but not other types of dementia, as compared to HC Expression negatively correlated with cognitive impairment and hippocampal atrophy | [230] |
40 HC 80 AD | CSF | circ_0002945 (circ-AXL), circ_0032253 (circ-GPHN) | Upregulated in AD patients Correlated with elevated AD risk Expression positively correlated with cognitive impairment | [217] | |
circ_0030777 (circ-PCCA), circ_0031258 (circ-HAUS4) | Downregulated in AD patients Correlated with decreased AD risk Expression inversely correlated with cognitive impairment | ||||
cfDNA | 9 HC 27 AD | Plasma | CNA | Increased concentration in AD patients Concentration positively correlated with cognitive impairment | [290] |
30 HC 30 AD | CSF | 8-OHdG (oxidized cfDNA) | Increased concentration in AD patients Concentration positively correlated with duration of illness | [166] | |
49 HC 30 spAD 16 rpAD | CSF | mtDNA | Reduced copy number in spAD patients compared to HC and rpAD Low content correlates with the earliest pathological markers of the disease, low Aβ and high p-tau, but not with the marker of neuronal damage t-tau | [303] |