Fig. 2

a Dendritic cells (DCs) communicate with other DCs through the transfer of exosomal miRNAs, specifically miR-451, miR-148a, miR-155, and miR-146. Monocytes can differentiate into immature DCs, which then activate T cells upon receiving these miRNAs from DCs. b Macrophages play a role in regulating various cell types within the body through the transfer of exosomal miRNAs. For instance, M1-derived exosomal miR-155 regulates mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and M1-derived exosomal miRNAs inhibit bone generation, while M1-derived exosomal miR-148a regulates angiogenesis in endothelial cells. On the other hand, M2-derived exosomal miRNAs, such as miR-378a, promote bone generation. Additionally, miR-148a induces wound healing in cardiomyocytes, and miR-21-5p stimulates fibrinogenesis in tendon cells