Fig. 4

miRNA and Polymorphonuclear Cells: a Neutrophils communicate with different cells through exosomal miRNA, which affects their functions. For example, miR-142-3p targets PKCA in macrophages, leading to an increase in TNFα production. In the case of diffuse systemic sclerosis (dSSc), neutrophils secrete various exosomal miRNAs that are either downregulated or upregulated. b Mast cell-derived exosomes modulate the function of other cells. For instance, miR-409-3p derived from mast cells promotes microglial migration by targeting Nr4a2. Additionally, miR-223 derived from mast cells increases the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells by targeting TJP1, ZO-1, OCLN, and CLDN8. Lastly, miR-490 derived from mast cells inhibits metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting the EGFR/AKT/ERK pathway. c Eosinophils release exosomes that can be taken up by other eosinophils, resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, miRNAs derived from eosinophils can activate dendritic cells (DCs)