Fig. 5

Up-regulated SNHG16, TLR4 and TRAF6 expression and increased NETs formation in PBNs from SLE-AH patients. a SNHG16, d TLR4 and g TRAF6 levels in PBNs from SLE patients and HC. b SNHG16, e TLR4 and h TRAF6 levels in PBNs from HC, Nil, LN and AH patients. A positive correlation between c SNHG16, f TLR4 and i TRAF6 levels in PBNs from SLE patients and SLEDAI-2K activity scores. A positive correlation between SNHG16 and j TLR4 or k TRAF6 levels in PBNs from SLE patients. PBNs from HC, Nil, LN and AH patients stimulated with LPS to detect DNAs morphology and measure CitH3/PAD4 levels. l, Left, representative photographs from a HC and an AH patient. Scale bar = 50 µm, magnification ×200. Right, quantification of NETs formation in HC, Nil, LN and AH patients. m Quantification of CitH3 (left) and PAD4 (right) levels in HC, Nil, LN and AH patients. Values are mean ± SD. Horizontal lines are mean values. Patient numbers, n = 15 for SLE, n = 5 for Nil, n = 5 for LN, n = 4 for AH. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01