Fig. 2
From: Crosstalk between mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis
Molecular mechanisms and regulation of mitobiogenesis. The coactivators PGC-1α, PGC-1β, and PRC bind to the transcription factors NFR1/2, ERRα, and NEF2L2 to speed up the transcription of genes involved in mitobiogenesis. MEF2, ATF-2, CREB, and other transcription factors all work together to promote PGC-1α expression, and PGC-1α also improves the transcriptional activity of MEF2 and ATF-2. To trigger mitobiogenesis in response to various physiological and environmental cues, such as cold exposure, exercise, nutritional restriction, and cytokines, these factors are integrated and controlled by several signaling pathways, including the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC1α system, the calcium/CAMK/p38 MAPK/PGC-1α pathway, and the cAMP-PKA pathway