Fig. 2

In vivo treatments using nano-modified virotherapy in the orthotopic model of HCC. a Photographs captured under designated light exposure durations showcasing ROS production resulting from the photoactivation of KillerRed within cancer cells. Bar = 200 μm. b Treatment protocol for mice with orthotopic BNL-1MEA HCC. c Tumor weight at Day 28 after various treatments (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01, two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test). Bars represent the mean ± standard deviation (n = 5). d Representative images of orthotopic HCC tumors after various treatments are shown. Bar = 1 cm. e Photographs capturing representative IVIS images of mice acquired on Day 7 following the intravenous injection of different formulations, utilizing AAV2-encoded luciferase as a detection signal (left panel). Representative section images of liver stained by Prussian Blue after various treatments are displayed (right panel). Bar = 50 μm. f Blood biochemistry data 28 days after the indicated treatment. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation (n = 4). g Body weight of mice in response to various treatments. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation (n = 4). h Representative section images of lung, spleen, heart, kidney, and liver from mice after various treatments are displayed. Bar = 50 μm