Fig. 2
From: Immune evasion in cell-based immunotherapy: unraveling challenges and novel strategies
Engineering strategies to overcome immune evasion. Innovative engineering strategies have been deployed to substantially enhance the recognition of tumors, the durability of therapeutic cells, their ability to infiltrate the tumor microenvironment, and the overall effectiveness of cellular therapies. These strategies encompass a range of techniques, including the incorporation of multiple targeting mechanisms (A), fortifying therapeutic cells with cytokines (B), modifying the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (C), amplifying cell infiltration capabilities (D), and employing combination therapies (E). TanCAR, tandem CAR; iNKT, invariant natural killer T; MAIT, mucosal associated invariant T; γδ T, gamma delta T; ICB, immune checkpoint inhibitor; ECM, extracellular matrix