High fat diet-induced inflammation and oxidative stress are attenuated by N-acetylneuraminic acid in rats

Table 3 Lipid profile and insulin resistance index

Rat groups	Chol. (mmol/L)	Trig. (mmol/L)	LDL (mmol/L)	HDL (mmol/L)	Insulin (pg/mL)	HOMA-IR	Adiponectin (ng/mL)
Normal	1.55 ± 0.43^a	0.62 ± 0.15^a	0.28 ± 0.11^a	1.18 ± 0.35^a	495 ± 51.3^a	1.91 ± 0.23^a	72.9 ± 0.7^a
Untreated control	7.47 ± 1.13^b	1.21 ± 0.38^b	4.98 ± 1.03^b	1.05 ± 0.13^a	513.3 ± 38.8^a	2.46 ± 0.22^b	61.8 ± 6.8^b
(HFD)	7.47 ± 1.13^b	1.21 ± 0.38^b	4.98 ± 1.03^b	1.05 ± 0.13^a	513.3 ± 38.8^a	2.46 ± 0.22^b	61.8 ± 6.8^b
HFD + SIM	4.99 ± 1.11^c	0.63 ± 0.18^a	3.6 ± 1.1^b	1.04 ± 0.17^a	602.1 ± 145.7^a	2.83 ± 0.79^a,b	53.3 ± 0.4^c
HFD + SAL	5.68 ± 2.18^b,c	0.54 ± 0.07^a	4.48 ± 1.81^b	1.04 ± 0.28^a	521.25 ± 118.65^a	2.12 ± 0.56^a,b	68.1 ± 1.0^b,d
HFD + SAH	5.05 ± 2.07^b,c	0.54 ± 0.07^a	3.67 ± 1.58^b	1.08 ± 0.27^a	512.77 ± 90.3^a	2.08 ± 0.42^a,b	73.9 ± 5.8^a,d

Data represent mean ± SD (n = 6). The high fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia attenuated by sialic acid supplementation, although it was only statistically different for the triglycerides (p < 0.05). Serum insulin levels were similar among all groups, but the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) indicated better insulin sensitivity in the sialic acid groups in comparison with the untreated control group. High fat diet-induced hypoadiponectinemia was also attenuated by sialic acid supplementation. For each parameter in a column, different superscript letters indicate statistical difference between any 2 groups (p < 0.05) using Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Groups are the same as Table 1. HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HFD: high fat diet; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; Chol: cholesterol; SAH: high dose sialic acid; SAL: low dose sialic acid; SIM: Simvastatin; Trig: triacylglycerol

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