Table 2 Clinical studies utilizing MSCs for skeletal tissue repair & regeneration

Thoraco-lumbar spine fracture

Faundez et al., 2006 [131]

4

Autologous bone marrow aspirate seeded on MCM coated with hydroxyapatite

Surgical implantation

Both visual and histological analysis confirmed replacement of resorbable matrix with new bone

Mandibular defects

Ueda et al., 2008 [116]

14

3.5 ml of mixture of PRP, MSCs (1.0 × 10⁷cells/ml), 500 μl of thrombin/calcium chloride mixture

Injectable bone grafts via syringes

Successful induction of new bone occurred and osseointegration within short period of time that can reduce the burden of patients

Posterior spinal defects

Gan et al., 2008 [127]

41

MSC suspension

-

Evaluation of patients after 34.5 months showed results of satisfactory spinal in 95.1 % cases

Degenerative disc defects

Orozco et al., 2011 [133]

10

Autologous MSCs

Intra-articular injection

In addition to safety and clinical efficacy, MSCs therapy rapidly settled low back pain and disability with intact normal biomechanics

Anterior maxillary cleft defects

Behnia et al., 2012 [124]

3

MSCs mounted on biphasic scaffolds with PDGF

Surgical implantation

Computed tomography scans showed 51.3 % fill of the bone defect calculated 3 months post-operation

Knee cartilage defects

Lee et al., 2012 [105]

70

Combination of Arthroscopic microfracture, MSCs and hyaluronic acid

Intra-articular injections

Final follow up of 24.5 months revealed considerable improvements in Lysholm knee scale, mean IKDC and visual analog pain scores. Advantages included minimal invasiveness and validated safety

Intertrochanteric Hip fractures

Torres et al., 2014 [115]

15

Autologous bone marrow stem cells concentrate

Surgical implantation

Weight bearing ability of hip and femur improved after 90 days