From: Macrophage activation and polarization in post-infarction cardiac remodeling
M1 inflammatory monocytes/macrophages (classically activated macrophages) | M2 monocytes/macrophages (alternatively activated macrophages) |
---|---|
Markers | |
Ly6Chi
CC chemokine receptor CCR2 |
Ly6Clow
Fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 MHCIIlow MHCIIhiCD11clowCCR2- MHCIIhiCD11chiCCR2hi CD206+F4/80+CD11b+ M2- |
Mediators of activation | |
Cardiac fibroblasts IFN-γ Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor |
Cardiac fibroblasts Hydrogen sulfide IL-1α Macrophage-derived urokinase plasminogen activator Osteopontin |
Secreted cytokines | |
IL-1β IL-6 TNF-α |
VEGF TGF-ß |
Contributions to cardiac injury and repair | |
Mediating of inflammatory phase Proteolysis Phagocytosis of cell debris |
Resolution of inflammation Myofibroblast activation Neoangiogenesis |