Table 1 The cancer-associated TRIM28 targets or interacting proteins
Target or interacting protein | Modification | Effect | Outcome | Oncogenic or tumor suppressive | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p53 | deacetylation/ poly-ubiquitination | inactivation/degradation of p53 | suppression of p53-mediated apoptosis and promotion of tumor cell survival | oncogenic | |
AMPK | poly-ubiquitination | degradation of AMPK | amplification of mTORC signaling, downregulation of autophagy | oncogenic | |
FBP1 | poly-ubiquitination | degradation of FBP1 | stimulation of the Warburg effect and cancer progression | oncogenic | [110] |
VPS34 (PI3KC3) | SUMOylation | activation of VPS34 | induction of phagophore formation | oncogenic | [104] |
E2F1 | HDAC1-mediated deacetylation | inactivation of E2F1 | suppression of E2F1-mediated apoptosis after DNA damage in p53-null cells | oncogenic | |
E2F3, E2F4 | HDAC1-mediated deacetylation | inactivation of E2F3, E2F4 | repression of members of the E2F family that are critical for cell proliferation | tumor suppressive | [5] |
MAGE-C2 | none | interaction with MAGE-C2 increases co-precipitation of TRIM28 with ATM upon genotoxic stress | enhanced repair of damaged DNA | oncogenic | [53] |
CBF-A/FTS-1 | none | interaction with CBF-A/FTS-1 induces the expression of VIM, FSP1 and other mesenchymal markers and represses the expression of epithelial markers (CDH1, ZO-1, etc.) | activation of EMT proteome | oncogenic | [71] |
TWIST1 | none | interaction and stabilization of TWIST1 | promoting invasion and cell migration | oncogenic | [26] |
URI-PP2A | none | de-phosphorylation of TRIM28 (at Ser824), chromatin condensation | repression of L1 retroelement | tumor suppressive | [125] |