Table 1 The 3 categories of H. pylori virulence factors and their functions
From: The impacts of H. pylori virulence factors on the development of gastroduodenal diseases
| The three categories of virulence factors | Biological functions or associated diseases |
|---|---|
| Colonization | Biological functions |
| Urease | Neutralize gastric acid |
| Flagella Chemotaxis system | Bacterial movement to epithelial surface & deep gland |
| Adhesins | Adherence to gastric epithelial cells |
| • BabA | |
| • SabA | |
| • Lewis antigens | |
| • OipA | |
| Immune escape | Biological functions |
| LPS & Flagella |
Low immunogenicity Molecular mimicry Induce anti-inflammatory response |
| CagA & T4SS |
Suppress phagocytosis Decrease antimicrobial peptide Induce tolerogenic dendritic cell Block effector T cell response |
| VacA |
Suppress phagocytosis Induce tolerogenic dendritic cell Block effector T cell response |
| Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase |
Induce tolerogenic dendritic cell Block effector T cell response |
| Cholesterol-α-glucosyltransferase | Suppress phagocytosis |
| Catalase Superoxide dismutase | Suppress and ROS & NO |
| Arginase |
Suppress ROS & NO Block effector T cell response |
| Disease induction | Associated diseases |
| CagA & T4SS | Gastric adenocarcinoma, MALToma & PUD |
| VacA | Gastric adenocarcinoma & PUD |
| BabA | Gastric adenocarcinoma & PUD |
| HtrA | Gastric adenocarcinoma |
| DupA | Duodenal ulcer |
| IceA | PUD |
| OipA | PUD |