Table 1 Pharmacological effects of phytocompounds from R. officinalis L reported in the literature

Caffeic acid

a. Antibacterial

[168]

b. Antioxidant

[169]

c. Inhibitory effect of tumor cell immigration

[170]

d. Inhibitory effect of tumor cell proliferation

[171]

e. Protective effect of transplanted livers

[172]

f. Apoptotic effect on tumor cells

[173]

Carnosic acid

a. Antiproliferative

[174]

b. Protective effect of photoreceptor cells

[175]

c. Antitumor

[176]

d. Anti-inflammatory

[177]

e. Inhibitory effect of digestive enzymes (lipase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase)

[178]

f. Suppressive effect of lipogenesis

[179]

Chlorogenic acid

a. Antioxidant

[180]

b. Protective effect against lead-induced renal damage

[181]

c. Protective effect against colitis

[182]

d. Anti-infective

[183]

Oleanolic acid

a. Antiviral

[184]

b. Protective effect against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis

[185]

c. Antiproliferative

[186]

d. Antitumor

[187]

e. Antioxidant

[188]

Rosmarinic acid

a. Neuroprotective

[189]

b. Protective effect against nicotine-induced atherosclerosis

[190]

c. Complementary agent to the anticancer chemotherapy

[191]

d. Anxiety control

[192]

e. Antiproliferative

[193]

f. Antiviral

[194]

Ursolic acid

a. Cytotoxic for tumor cells

[195]

b. Anticancer

[196]

c. Inducer of osteoblastic activity and reducer of osteoclastic activity

[197]

d. Hypouricemic

[198]

e. Proapoptotic

[199]

f. Inductor of insulin sensitivity

[200]

g. Protective effect against diabetic nephropathy

[201]

h. Reducer of weight gain and atherosclerosis

[202]

Alpha-pinene

a. Antibacterial

[203]

b. Antimicrobial

[204]

c. Protective effect against aspirin-induced oxidative stress

[205]

d. Protective effect against peptic ulcer

[206]

Camphor

a. Immunomodulatory

[207]

b. Antiproliferative

[208]

c. Hypoglycemic

[209]

d. Antimicrobial

[210]

e. Antifungal, antihyphal, and antibiofilm

[211]

Carnosol

a. Antiproliferative

[212]

b. Protective effect against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury

[213]

c. Antifungal

[214]

d. Proapoptotic and proautophagic

[215]

e. Anti-inflammatory

[216]

f. Anti-atopic dermatitis

[217]

g. Antidiabetic

[218]

Eucalyptol

a. Proapoptotic

[219]

b. Antibiofilm

[220]

c. Control of infection and inflammation

[221]

d. Anti-inflammatory

[222]

e. Antinociceptive

[223]

f. Antiviral

[224]

Rosmanol

a. Antinociceptive, antidepressant, and anxiolytic

[82]

b. Anticancer

[225]

Eugenol

a. Acaricidal

[226]

b. Antifungal

[227]

c. Chemotherapeutic on cervical cancer cells

[228]

d. Antiproliferative

[229]

e. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative

[230]

Luteolin

a. Anti-inflammatory

[231]

b. Anti-atopic dermatitis

[232]

c. Proapoptotic and proautophagic

[233]

d. Antimicrobial

[234]

e. Antiproliferative

[235]

f. Protection of microglia against rotenone-induced toxicity

[236]

g. Inhibitory effect of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis

[237]