Table 1 Demographic characteristics and main clinical features of Sarcoidosis
From: Host-microbe interactions in the pathogenesis and clinical course of sarcoidosis
| Demographic data | Main characteristics | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | No predominance | |
| Age at onset (years) |
Any age Peaks at 25~40 years. Nearly 30% of cases in older than 60 | [3] |
| Ethnicity |
More common in northern Europeans (60 per 100,000). Less common in Asians (1.3–2.17 per 100,000) In the USA (35.5 per 100,000 in Afro-Americans 10.9 per 100,000 in Caucasians) | ([3]; [15]) |
| Clinical findings | ||
| Constitutional manifestations |
Asymptomatic (30~60% of cases) Malaise, Fever, Anorexia, weight loss | ([15]; [86]; [102]; [109]) |
| Pulmonary Sarcoidosis |
At least 90% of affected individuals have lung involvement -Most patients are asymptomatic. -Primarily manifests as hilar or mediastinal adenopathy -Some patients present with interstitial lung disease -Fibrosis of the lung (20% of patients) -Pulmonary hypertension (in 5% of cases) | ([15]; [84]; [102]) |
| Skin sarcoidosis |
Skin lesions (found in 20~35% of patients) and can cause: Rash, papules or Erythema nodosum | ([44]; [67]) |
| Löfgren syndrome |
Occurs more often in Scandinavian. Fever, Enlarged lymph nodes, Arthritis and erythema nodosum | [87, 100] |
| Ocular sarcoidosis | Can affect any part of the eye and may cause: Uveitis, Scleritis, Conjunctival-granuloma, Eyelid abnormalities, Optic neuropathy, lacrimal gland enlargement and orbital inflammation | ([70]; [115]) |
| Musculoskeletal |
Infrequent May cause: Nonspecific arthralgia, Polyarthritis (acute or chronic) Sarcoid myopathy (muscle weakness, muscle pain, or muscle nodules) | [109] |
| Cardiac sarcoidosis |
Infrequent. Most commonly manifests with arrhythmias (tachycardia or heart block). Less commonly: Pericardial effusion or myocardial granulomas leading to cardiac fibrosis | ([63]; [86]; [132]) |
| Neurosarcoidosis |
Not well characterized due to its rarity. Patients may present with: Intracranial or spinal mass lesions Optic neuritis Facial mononeuropathies Myopathy and peripheral neuropathy | [79] |
