Table 2 Strength of biomarkers in predicting radiation sensitivity in NSCLC

Radiosensitiviy Index (RSI)

[64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72]

A

Genomic-adjusted radiation dose (GARD)

[73]

B

Lung adenocarcinoma associated gene: KRAS

[114,115,116,117]

B

Squamous cell carcinoma associated genes: KEAP1, NFE2L2

[121]

C

DNA repair genes: ATM and other mutated genes: PTEN, RB1, TP53 …

[74, 75]

C

DNA repair gene sites: XRCC1, BRCA1, and ERCC1 in predicting radiation response

[76,77,78]

C

SNPs in predicting radiation related toxicity

DNA repair gene sites: ATM, RAD51, XRCC family, LIG4, MTHFR

Inflammatory gene sites: TGFβ1

Immune modulated gene sites: CBLB

[79,80,81,82,83]

[84,85,86, 88]

[87]

B

B

C

unmethylated IGFBP-3 predicting radiation response

[94]

C

miRNAs level in predicting radiation response

[95,96,97]

C

Serum inflammatory biomarkers in predicting radiation induced toxicity

IL-1, KL-6, IL-6, PDGF, TGFα, TGFβ, IL-8

CXCL10 (IP-10), CCL2 (MCP-1), eotaxin, and TIMP-1

[85, 99]

[100]

B

B

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic markers in predicting lung fibrosis

C4BPA, VTN, α2M, CO4A, CO5

[101,102,103]

B

Serum markers in predicting SABR outcome

neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), high neutrophil count

[104]

C

Post SABR local recurrence prediction: Enlarging opacity at 12 months after SABR Bulging margin; loss of linear margin, air bronchogram loss

[25,26,27]

A

Combined radiomic features in predicting post SABR recurrence and radiadiation

[30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37]

B

Combined radiomic features in predicting radiation pneumonitis

[38,39,40,41]

B

FDG-PET: Max SUV, metabolic volume, total lesion glycolysis in predicting treatment response

[43,44,45,46,47]

A

FLT-PET change in predicting tumor response

[50,51,52,53]

B

F-MISO PET in predicting radioresistant area for dose escalation

[56,57,58,59]

B

Combined 3D dosiomitc information in prediction GI, GU and lung toxicity

[60, 61]

B