Table 1 Vaccine Candidates Currently Being Developed

HA protein-based vaccine

Novavax, Inc.

HA Rosettes, HA nanoparticles, VLP with Matrix-MTM adjuvant

I/II

Particle format for potency, multiple strains mixed or sequential delivery; HAI and MN assay

[45,46,47]

NIH, GSK, and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

HA stem or head-stem chimera

I

bnAbs (no HAI) and ADCC; intranasal influenza challenge

[48,49,50,51]

Academia Sinica and OPKO

Monoglycosylated HA as universal flu vaccine, exposing the conserved domain to elicit bnAbs

preclinical

Broad cross-reactive Ab; HAI and MN assay

[52,53,54]

Epitope-peptides based vaccine

BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd

HA, NP, M1 peptides

II/III

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) response

[55,56,57,58]

PepTcell.Ltd

FLU-V

II

Cross-reactive T-cell responses, and mucosal immunity; intranasal influenza challenge

[59,60,61,62,63]

Live attenuated virus vaccine

CodageniX

CodaVax Live-attenuated and single-round whole virus

I/II

Additional antigens, T cell responses, and mucosal immunity; intranasal influenza challenge

[64,65,66]

FluGen

M2SR

I/II

T cell responses, and mucosal immunity; intranasal influenza challenge

[67, 68]

DNA based vaccine

Inovio

RNA, DNA, or vector subunit delivery

I

Gene delivery for CTL and Ab

[69,70,71,72]

M2-based protein vaccine

Acambis/Sanofi Pasteur

M2 ectodomain

I/II

bnAbs; ADCC (no NT); intranasal influenza challenge

[73, 74]