Fig. 8

LPC increase pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. a The relative mRNA expression of tnf-α, il-1β, ccl2, ccl3 in colon tissues was detected by qPCR (n = 6 per group). b, c The proteins level of TNF-α, IL-1β in colon tissues. GAPDH was used as a loading control. d Serum LPS levels. e The relative mRNA expression of tnf-α, il-1β, ccl2, ccl3, ccl4 and ccl5 in DMSO and DMSO + LPC group (n = 5 per group). f The level of TNF-α and IL-1β in culture supernatant of Raw 264.7 cells in the presence or absence of LPC was detected by ELISA (n = 5 per group). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. The data come from three independent experiments. In all panels: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001