Fig. 5

IAV-infected mouse lung can increase S. pneumoinae bacterial growth. IAV-treated or mock-treated (without IAV infection) mouse lung was homogenized and added (at 1% or 0.1% of total volume) in CDM. Bacterial number of S. pneumoniae Taian-S3 wild-type strain upon murine lung homogeneous extract supplementation was determined via plate counting at 0 h, 2 h, and 4 h, followed by calculation of the fold change in bacterial number. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann–Whitney U test (*, p = 0.05 compare to mock-treated). Data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) from three independent experiments. Mock without pre-challenged with IAV