Table 1 LRG1 expression in human cancer

Biliary tract

Serum

In conjunction with CA19-9 and IL-6, particularly elevated in high-risk patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis

[179]

Tumour tissue

Suggested as independent prognostic factor

[224]

Bladder

Urine

Suggested as biomarker for early diagnosis and monitoring of recurrence

[186]

Breast

Tumour tissue

Suggested as biomarker for neo-adjuvant aromatase inhibitor treatment. Associated with number of lymphatic metastasis, tumour stage and poor survival

[225, 226]

Cervical

Urine

Together with MMRN1, highly expressed in urines of cervical cancer patients

[227]

Colorectal

Plasma

In conjunction with other biomarkers, proposed as predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic factor. Positively correlates with tumour stage and size

[184, 191, 193, 228, 229]

Serum

In conjunction with other biomarkers, suggested as diagnostic, prognostic, and follow-up factor. Associated with altered glycosylation

[13, 230,231,232,233]

Tumour tissue

Associated with cancer aggressiveness and vascular density. Proposed as diagnostic in general and prognostic for stage III colorectal cancer

[180, 184, 197]

Stool

In conjunction with Hp, SYNE2, RBP4, FN1 and ANXA6, suggested for early detection of high-risk adenomas and colorectal cancer

[234]

Endometrial

Tumour tissue

Suggested as independent prognostic factor of stage and lymphatic metastasis

[235]

Esophageal

Plasma

Significantly elevated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and, in conjunction with alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, proposed as biomarker for early diagnosis

[236]

Tumour tissue

Closely correlated with worse clinical survival

[237]

Serum

In combination with CRP and sIL-6R, suggested as biomarker to predict response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy

[238]

Gastric

Serum and tumour tissue

Proposed as prognostic factor. Promotes tumour progression and affects negatively patient relapse-free survival. Correlation between tissue scores and serum levels

[183]

Glioblastoma

Plasma

In conjunction with CRP and C9, shows positive correlation with tumour size

[192]

Tumour tissue

Significantly higher than in lower-grade glioma. Proposed as potential diagnostic, prognostic, and regional biomarker

[239]

Hepatocellular

Serum

Significantly elevated as part of a broad panel of protein biomarkers and associated with poor responders followig transarterial chemoembolization

[240, 241]

Tumour tissue

Positive correlation with tumour size, differentiation, stage, vascularity. Negative correlation with patient survival

[181]

Leukemia

Serum

Highly expressed in acute lymphoblastic leukemia T and B cells. Suggested as biomarker for early diagnosis

[189, 242]

Lung

Plasma

Significantly elevated in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma and, in conjunction with ACT, C9 and Hpt, proposed as diagnostic factor. Highly indicative of reduced survival time post-radiotherapy

[178, 243]

Serum

Significantly elevated and, in conjunction with SAA and C4BP, prognostic in patients with squamous cell lung carcinoma. Expressed by circulating tumour cells in metastatic patients

[244, 245]

Urine

Candidate biomarker for diagnosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Highly expressed in urinary exosomes

[246, 247]

Tumour tissue

Upregulated in non-small cell lung carcinoma

[190]

Oral

Plasma

In combination with apolipoprotein A-IV, suggested as biomarker for oral cancer screening and early diagnosis

[248]

Serum

Increased in oral squamous cell carcinoma and suggested as early diagnostic tool with ABG, CLU, PRO2044, HAP, C3, proapo-A1 and RBP4

[249]

Saliva

Significantly elevated in oral squamous cell carcinoma and, together with CFB, C3, C4B and SERPINA1, associated with increased risk

[250]

Ovarian

Serum

Alone or in combination with other biomarkers suggested as diagnostic factor

[176, 182, 187, 251]

Urine

Multiple LRG1 peptides detected in the urines of all ovarian cancer patients

[227, 252]

Pancreatic

Plasma

Exceeds diagnostic performance of CA19-9 alone in the early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). High levels distinguish PDAC from chronic pancreatitis. Elevated during formation of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm

[185, 253,254,255,256,257,258]

Serum

In combination with CA19-9, suggested as diagnostic biomarker. Characterized with altered glycosylation pattern. Increases with clinical stage

[12, 177, 259]

Tumour tissue

Associated with higher recurrence rate and worse recurrence-free survival

[256]

Prostate

Serum

Elevated in fatal prostate cancer. Positively correlated with high risk of disease progression and mortality

[260]

Renal

Tumour tissue

Overexpressed in clear renal cell carcinoma and negatively related to patient survival

[261]

Retinal

Tumour tissue

Highly expressed in retinoblastoma

[262]