Table 4 Indirect modification of extracellular vesicles (EVs) (pre-isolation modification)
From: Application of engineered extracellular vesicles for targeted tumor therapy
Modification method | Parent cells | Strategy | Drug loaded | Application | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genetic engineering | Dendritic cells | Fusion of Lamp2b-expressing engineered mouse immature dendritic cells with the IRGD peptide to produce tumor-targeting EVs | DOX | Targeting of tumor tissue and inhibition of tumor growth | [203] |
HEK293 cells | Donor cells were designed to express the transmembrane region of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor fused to Ge11 peptides to achieve tumor targeting treatment | Let-7a miRNA | Enhancement of tumor targeting and the antitumor effect of EVs | [212] | |
Metabolic engineering | B16F10 cells | Combining metabolic markers of newly synthesized proteins or glycoproteins from EV-secreting cells with reactive azide and bio-orthogonal click splicing | Streptavidin–HRP | Delivery of various anti-biotin protein fusions or biotin-coupled drugs | [113] |
Membrane engineering | Not mentioned | Coupling of EVs containing azide lipids to targeted peptides by copper-free click chemistry | PTX | Enhancing the targeting effect of EVs against cancer cells | [76] |
Loading contents in parent cells | HEK293T cells | The gene encoding pre-miR-199a was inserted into an artificial intron of the Lamp2a fusion protein. Enhanced the EV load of pre-miR-199a containing a modified TAR RNA loop using TAT peptide/HIV-1 TAR RNA-interacting peptide | miRNA | Improvement of the drug delivery efficiency of EVs | [114] |