Fig. 7
From: Hepatitis B virus virion secretion is a CRM1-spike-mediated late event
Two different models of HBV virion secretion. A A current model for virion secretion postulates the direct budding of cyoplasmic capsids into ER/Golgi in a nucleus-independent manner. B In our proposed model, CRM1-mediated nuclear export of HBc capsids is followed immediately by the microtubule-mediated transport from MTOC at nuclear pore to ER/Golgi for envelopment and virion egress. Both genome-containing and genome-free capsids can undergo nucleocytoplasmic shuttling [24, 26, 29]. Dotted line with a question mark highlights the hypothetical nature of ER/Golgi budding from empty cytoplasmic capsid particles. Nu: nucleus, Cy: cytoplasm