Fig. 1

A Representative immunofluorescence images showing cells from primary hippocampal neuron culture that were immunoreactive to the neuronal marker β-Tubulin III (red fluorescence) and were additionally stained positively for VEGFR2 (green fluorescence). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue fluorescence). Scale bar, 10 µm. B Effects of treatment with recombinant mouse VEGF protein (rmVEGF; 1 or 5 ng/mL) on cell viability measured by the WST-1 assay in cultured mouse neurons incubated with or without ammonia (NH₄Cl; 5 mM). Values are mean ± SEM of 3–4 independent experiments. *p < 0.05 versus control (non-treatment) group in the Dunnett multiple-range test; ⁺p < 0.05 versus NH₄Cl treatment group in the Tukey’s multiple-range test