Fig. 1

Autism-like behaviors across two generations of the VPA-induced offspring. a Representative traces and time spent in three compartments calculated during the phase 2 of the three-chamber social test. b The preference index for sociability (%) calculated during the phase 2 of the three-chamber social test. c Representative traces and time spent in three compartments calculated during the phase 3 of the three-chamber social test. d The preference index for social preference (%) calculated during the phase 3 of the three-chamber social test. e Representative traces and marble buried recorded during the marble burying test. f Representative traces, total distance traveled, and percentage of time spent in the center by the animals during the open field test. g Representative traces and time spent in the open arms measured during the elevated plus maze test. h Immobility time calculated during the forced swim test. n = 12 rats from three or four litters for each condition. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. saline-exposed offspring; one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc