Fig. 5

Increased glutamatergic modifications across generations of the VPA-induced offspring. a–d Representative western blot profile and the protein levels of GluN2A (a), GluN2B (b), GluA1 (c), and GluA2 (d) in synaptoneurosomes from the amygdala. n = 5–6 rats from three or four litters for each condition. e, f Top, Representative EPSC traces at different stimuli. Scale bars, 100 pA, 50 ms. Bottom, input–output curves of NMDAR-EPSC (e) and AMPAR-EPSC (f) in response to a series of increasing stimulus intensities in the BLA pyramidal neurons. n = 6–7 cells from 4–5 rats from three or four litters for each condition. g Representative traces and bar graph show the AMPAR- to NMDAR-EPSC ratio measured from each group. Scale bars, 100 pA, 50 ms. n = 8–11 cells from 4–5 rats from three or four litters for each condition. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. indicated control; one-way ANOVA or two-way rmANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc