Donor of EVs | Cargoes | Recipients | Responses of recipients | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer cells | Mutant KRAS | Cancer cells | Aggressive↑ | [135] |
EGFRvIII | Cancer cells | Drug resistance↑ | [136] | |
MDR1 | Cancer cells | Drug resistance↑ | [137] | |
HSP70 | NK cells | Cytolytic activity↑ | [138] | |
Tumor antigens | DCs | Cross-presentation↑ | [139] | |
PD-L1 | CD8 T cells | Apoptosis↑ | ||
FasL | CD8 T cells | Apoptosis↑ | [145] | |
TRAIL | CD8 T cells | Apoptosis↑ | [146] | |
NKG2D | CD8 T cells, NK cells | Cytotoxicity↓ | [147] | |
HSP72 | MDSCs | Immunosuppression↑ | [148] | |
miRNAs, lncRNAs | M2 macrophages | Immunosuppression↑ | [149] | |
TGF-β1 | Treg | Treg differentiation↑ | [150] | |
TGF-β1 | Fibroblasts | CAF activation↑ | [151] | |
DCs | TNF, FasL, TRAIL | NK cells | IFNγ secretion↑ | [153] |
Tumor antigens | B cells | Proliferation IgG production↑ | [154] | |
Tumor antigens | CD8 T cells | CD8 T cell activation↑ | [154] | |
NK cells | Perforin, granulysin, granzyme | Cancer cells | Apoptosis↑ | [155] |
γδ T cells | NKG2D, FasL, TNFα, IFNγ, perforin | Cancer cells | Tumor growth↓ | [156] |
M1 macrophages | M1 marker mRNA | M2 macrophages | M2 → M1 Repolarization↑ | [157] |
Tumor antigens | CD8 T cells | CD8 T cell activation↑ | [158] | |
M2 macrophages | miRNAs | Cancer cells | Tumor progression↑ | [160] |
MDSCs | miRNAs | Cancer cells | Tumor growth↑ | [161] |
TNF⍺, FasL | CD8 T cells | Activation-induced cell death (AICD)↑ | [164] | |
CD47, TSP1, S100A8/9 | MDSCs | MDSCs Recruitment↑ | ||
Treg | CD73 | CD8 T cells | CD8 T cell activation↓ | [167] |
B cells | CD73 | CD8 T cells | CD8 T cell activation↓ | [122] |
CAFs | SHH | Cancer cells | Aggressive↑ | [169] |
miRNAs | Cancer cells | Proliferation and metastasis↑ | [170] | |
miRNAs | Cancer cells | Chemo- or radio-resistance↑ | ||
metabolites | Cancer cells | Metabolic reprogramming↑ | [174] | |
circRNA | Cancer cells | PD-L1 expression↑ | [175] | |
MSCs | miRNAs | Cancer cells | Proliferation↑ | [178] |
miRNAs | M2 macrophages | M2 polarization↑ | [178] | |
PD-L1, CD73, TGF-β1 | CD8 T cells | Immunosuppression↑ | [179] |