Fig. 4

Changes in intracellular galectin-3 levels fail to affect viral binding and internalization into A549 cells. a–d Galectin-3-overexpressing (a, c) or knockdown (b, d) A549 cells and their vector control cells were infected with IAV at an MOI of 5 at 4 °C for 60 min and washed by ice-cold PBS for the viral attachment assay (a, b) or at 37 °C for 30 min and washed by acid PBS (pH 1.3) for the internalization assay (c, d). Detection (left) and quantitation (right) of the viral M1 and galectin-3 were examined by immunoblotting. Expression of β-actin served as the loading control. Values shown are mean ± SD (n = 3–4). Ratios of vector control cells (a–d) were arbitrarily set to 1