Table 2 Chemicals that alter condensate formation

Actinomycin D

C₆₂H₈₆N₁₂O₁₆

An RNA polymerase I inhibitor, reduced the stiffness of and changed the proteome in the nucleoli

[133, 134]

ATP

C₁₀H₁₆N₅O₁₃P₃

A hydrotrope that promotes protein solubility and inhibits liquid condensate formation. Depletion of ATP increased the viscosity of nucleoli and promoted LLPS formation of stress granules

[4, 135, 136]

1,6-hexanediol

C₆H₁₄O₂

The most widely used chemical to inhibit liquid condensate formation by disrupting weak inter-molecular hydrophobic interactions

[21, 137, 138]

BAY249716

BAY1892005

C₁₃H₉N₄SCl

C₁₁H₈ClFN₂OS

Inhibited condensate formation by mutant P53 proteins

[157]

PRIMA-1

C₉H₁₅NO₃

Inhibited P53 aggregate formation by covalently modifying P53

[158]

Lipoamide

C₈H₁₅NOS₂

Inhibited FUS stress granule formation by arsenate

[139]

Mitoxantrone

C₂₂H₂₈N₄O₆

Reduced condensate formation by stress granules, Cajal body, nucleoli or DNA damage foci

[65, 132, 139]

bis-ANS

C₃₂H₂₂K₂N₂O₆S₂

Promoted (low conc) or reduced (high conc) FUS and TDP43 condensates

[80]

Congo red

C₃₂H₂₂N₆Na₂O₆S₂

Promoted (low conc) or reduced (high conc) FUS and TDP43 condensates

[80, 140]

Quinacrine

Doxorubicin

Daunorubicin

C₂₃H₃₀ClN₃O

C₂₇H₂₉NO₁₁

C₂₇H₂₉NO₁₀

Reduced condensate formation of stress granules

[34, 132, 142, 143]

Digitoxin

C₄₁H₆₄O₁₃

Reduced stress granule formation

[132]

Anisomycin

Neymycin

C₁₄H₁₉NO₄

C₂₃H₄₆N₆O₁₃

Reduced stress granule formation

[132]

Elvitegravir

C₂₃H₂₃ClFNO₅

Inhibited SRC-1 condensates

[174]

ET070

C₂₃H₂₀ClN₈S

SHP2 allosteric inhibitor, reduced condensate of pathogenic SHP2

[173]

Curcumin C1

C₂₂H₃₇NO₈

Inhibited tau aggregation and filament formation

[141]

icFSP1

C₂₆H₂₅N₃O₅

Induced condensate formation and phase separation of FSP1 to induce ferroptosis

[150]

ET516

C₂₅H₂₂N₄Cl₂SO₃

Inhibited phase separation of androgen receptor mutants to inhibit prostate cancer growth

[151]