Fig. 4

Antibody mode of action. 1. Antibodies directly bind to the receptors on the cell surface and blocks the signaling pathway required for cancerous growth, induce apoptosis or block binding of the legend inducing uncontrolled cell growth. Some of these antibodies inhibit binding of immune cell receptors to cancer cells e.g., PD-L1, PD-1, called immune checkpoint inhibitors. 2. Others, require binding of complement components or immune cells to the Fc region of the antibody to eliminate cancerous cells through CDC, ADCC and ADCP. 3. Recombinant formats (scFv or bispecific antibodies) are used for activation of T cells for cancer therapy. 4. The antibody can be loaded with cytotoxic payloads either as antibody drug-conjugates (ADC) or can be incorporated in liposomes or virosomes or exosomes surface for specific delivery of the cargo