Fig. 1

Antibacterial spectrum of Tha-PA90 against gram-negative pathogens. The antibacterial activity of Tha-PA90 was assessed via a CFU reduction assay using the following strains: A. baumannii ATCC 19606, E. coli MG1655, P. aeruginosa ATCC 13388, S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 s, E. cloacae ATCC 13047, and K. pneumoniae KCTC 2208. Exponentially grown bacterial cells were adjusted to 1 × 10⁶ CFU in 20 mM HEPES pH 7.4 and subsequently exposed to purified Tha-PA90 at concentrations of 0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 μM at 37 ℃ for 2 h. The experiments were conducted independently at least thrice, and the data are presented as mean \(\pm\) SD. Statistical significance was set at *p < 0.0449, **p < 0.0095, ***p < 0.0010, ns: not significant