Table 1 Summary of peptides utilization in nano-diagnostics for bacterial sepsis
From: Applications of peptides in nanosystems for diagnosing and managing bacterial sepsis
System | Peptide | Role of peptide | Targets | Mechanism of detection | Proof of efficacy | Key findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dendrimer-based magnetic nanoplatforms | Vancomycin (glycopeptide) | Pathogen capturing motif | S. aureus L. monocytogenes | Capturing of bacteria followed by Magnetic isolation and enrichment | In vitro | Rapid bacteria isolation in two minutes with more than 90% capturing efficiency for both bacteria. A limit of detection for L. monocytogenes and S. aureus of 32 and 41 CFUmL-1, respectively. | [123] |
SPIONs | Pep1 (RKQGRVEVLYRASWGTV) Pep2 (RKQGRVEILYRGSWGTVC) | Pathogen capturing motif | E. coli S. marcescens S. entérica S. enteritidis P. aeruginosa S. aureus | Capturing of bacteria followed by Magnetic isolation and enrichment | In vitro | 166 nm hydrodynamic diameter; peptide functionalization led to the formation of nanoparticle agglomerates of 1679 nm diameter. A remarkable depletion in cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, Il-10, and IFN-γ) release. Capturing efficiency of over 60% for S. aureus, above 50% for E. coli and S. marcescens, and 35% for P. aeruginosa. | [118] |
PEGylated magnetic nanoclusters | S. aureus binding peptide (VPHNPGLISLQG) | Pathogen capturing motif | S. aureus | Capturing of bacteria followed by Magnetic isolation and enrichment | In vitro | An average diameter of 150.8 ± 1.8 nm. Good cytocompatibility and magnetic properties. Capturing efficiency of more than 70% within 10 minutes | [124] |
Fluorescent quantum dot (QD) | A modified auto-inducing peptide (AIPq) | Pathogen capturing motif | S. aureus S. epidermidis S. saprophyticus S. haemolyticus | Capturing of bacteria followed by imaging | In vitro (binding characteristics; biofilm imaging) In vivo (localization of MRSA in mouse model) | Higher selectivity towards accessory gene regulator (AGR)-positive virulent strains of S. aureus than the mutant strain. Effective penetration and imaging of biofilm-embedded colonies. Successful in vivo imaging of MRSA in infected mice. | [125] |
Mesoporous SERS-substrate | Cysteine-rich peptide ((243bp) (GBS101000616.1)) | To allow binding of immune-colloid gold nanoparticles to the surface of the mesoporous template. | Sepsis biomarkers | SERS | In vitro | A strong binding of gold nanoparticles to the surface of the mesoporous template. The SERS spectra exhibited the unique peaks of the three biomarkers. Low limits of detection for CRP (27 pM), PCT (103 pM), and sTREM1 (78 pM). | [20] |