Table 2 Summary of nano-delivered AMPs for bacterial sepsis management
From: Applications of peptides in nanosystems for diagnosing and managing bacterial sepsis
Nanosystem | Peptide | strategy | Targeted bacteria | Key evaluations | Key findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-assembled Nanobiotic | HD5 | Self-assembly | S. aureus MRSA E. coli K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa A. baumannii | DLS TEM Hemolysis assay. Cytotoxicity assay. In vitro and In vivo efficacy. | Shape: spherical; size: 56.0±8.4 nm. Improved hemocompatibility and biosafety profiles. Enhanced bactericidal activity. Rescued mice from sepsis by lowering the bacterial burden and alleviating organ damage. | [158] |
Self-assembling chimeric peptide nanoparticles | PFPFPFP-KPKPKPKPKPKP-NH2 | Self-assembly | S. aureus E. coli | DLS TEM Hemolysis assay. Cytotoxicity assay. In vivo biocompatibility. In vitro and In vivo efficacy. | Shape: spherical; size: 20-50 nm. Improved hemocompatibility and biosafety profiles. Lower MIC (E. coli: 7.3 to 12.3 μM; S. aureus: 5.3 to 10 μM). Superior reduction of bacterial load and pro-inflammatory cytokines level (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in septic mice. | [159] |
AMPNP | KR-12 (KRIVKRIKKWLR) | Co-assembly | E. coli S. aureus MRSA | DLS TEM In vitro and In vivo efficacy. | Shape: spherical; size: 80.82 ± 0.51 nm; ZP: 28.07 ± 2.25 mV. Broad spectrum in vitro antibacterial activity. Improved targeting of inflamed cells. Superior reduction in cytokine levels (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) and leukocyte infiltration into organs of septic mice. | [22] |
AMPNP | KR-12 (KRIVKRIKKWLR) | Co-assembly | S. aureus MRSA E. coli | In vitro and in vivo bacterial targeting. In vitro and In vivo efficacy. | Improved Adhesion to and targeting of bacteria in vitro and in vivo. Broad spectrum antibacterial activity (90% bacterial killing). Improved survival rates of mice and significantly reduced cytokine levels (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) and leukocytes tissue infiltration. | [160] |
Polymeric nanoparticles | Clavanin A (VFQFLGKIIHHVGNFVHGFSHVF-NH2) | Nano-encapsulation | S. aureus K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa | DLS EE% Invitro antibacterial assays. In vivo efficacy against polymicrobial C57BL6 mice sepsis model (sub-lethal and Lethal doses) | Size:372 nm; ZP: -7.16 mV; PDI: 0.123; EE%: 98%. In vitro inhibition of bacterial growth: S. aureus (91%), K. pneumoniae (20%), P. aeruginosa (39.8%), E. coli (no effect). MIC (MRSA): 64 µg⋅mL-1. 100% mice survival rates for sub-lethal sepsis assays and 40% for lethal sepsis assays. | [161] |
Polymeric nano-construct | Mastoparan (INLKALAALAKKIL-NH2) | Nano-encapsulation | A. baumannii | DLS EE% & LC In vitro and In vivo efficacy. | Size: 156 nm; ZP: +54.9 mV; EE%: 90.54%; LC: 22.63%. MIC: 4 μg/mL Improved physical activity of mice and reduced blood bacterial counts. | [162] |
VLNPs | mRNA of AMP-IB367 (RGGLCYCRGRFCVCVGRCONH2) | Nano-encapsulation | Multi-drug resistant S. aureus | DLS EE% In vitro and In vivo efficacy. | Size: ≈ 140 nm; PDI: ≈ 0.1; ZP: ≈ 22 mV; EE%: ≈ 90%. In vitro bacterial growth inhibition of 87%. Significant reduction in blood bacterial load and improvement of survival rates of septic mice. | [163] |
Gold nanoparticles | Cecropin melittin-cysteine (CM-SH: KWKLFKKIGAVLKVLC) | Linking to the surface of NPs | S. aureus E. coli | DLS Antimicrobial resistance development assay. In vitro and In vivo efficacy. | Size: 14 nm; PDI: 0.1 ± 0.02; ZP: 28 ± 2 mV. No spontaneous resistance development after 28 days of exposure of E. coli to sub-MIC. 4-fold reduction in MIC Significant reduction in bloodstream bacterial count and IL-10 levels. | [164] |
Liposomes | Ts: GSKKPVPIIYCNRRSGKCQRM | Linking to the surface of NPs | K. pneumoniae | DLS In vitro and In vivo efficacy. | Size: 152.5 ± 3.2; PDI: 0.254; ZP: +5.3; EE%: 76.8 ± 2.7%. 2 to 8-fold reduction of MIC. Significant reduction in mice lethality rates after Ts-linking from 73.3% to 6.7%. | [165] |