Table 4 Summary of peptides utilization as targeting moieties on the surface of nanosystems to combat bacterial sepsis
From: Applications of peptides in nanosystems for diagnosing and managing bacterial sepsis
Nanosystem | Peptide sequence | Biological target | Loaded drug | Key characterization | Key findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLGA nanoparticles | cyclo(1,12)PenITDGEATDSGC (cLABL) peptide | ICAM-1 | NA | DLS Cellular binding and uptake. | Size: 244 ± 15 nm; PDI: 0.215; ZP: -23.3 ± 1.0 mV. Superior binding and internalization into interferon -γ-treated HUVECs cells. | [187] |
PLGA nanoparticles | γ3 peptide (NNQKIVNLKEKVAQLEA) | ICAM-1 | SFX TAC | TEM DLS LC & EE% In vitro drug release. Cellular uptake. In vitro and In vivo efficacy. | Shape: Spherical; size: 183.7 ± 9.4 nm; ZP: -40 mV; LC: (SFX: 15.47 ± 0.91, TAC: 20.22 ± 1.16); EE%: (SFX: 50.73± 4.09, TAC: 63.39 ± 3.52). Sustained drug release. 2 to 3 times more uptake by TNF-α activated cells Superior in vitro and in vivo antibacterial and anti-inflammatory efficacy. | [188] |
PLGA nanoparticles | γ3 peptide (NNQKIVNLKEKVAQLEA) | ICAM-1 | Ciprofloxacin | TEM DLS In vitro drug release. Cellular uptake. In vitro and In vivo efficacy. | Shape: core-shelled nanoparticles; size: 157 nm; ZP: -22 mV. Sustained drug release. Superior uptake by TNF-α activated cells. Superior in vitro and in vivo antibacterial and anti-inflammatory efficacy. | [189] |
Liposomes | RGD | Integrin | Curcumin | TEM DLS LC & EE% Cellular Targeting Assay. Antipyroptosis Assay. In vitro ROS scavenging. In vivo efficacy. | Shape: disc-like; size: 41.95 ± 19.85 nm; PDI: 0.228 ± 0.127; LC: 22.2 ± 1.4%; EE%: 99.9 ± 1.1%. Superior uptake by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Significant in vitro reduction in intracellular ROS and inhibition of pyroptosis. Remarkable inhibition of cytokines release (TNF-α and IL-6) and organ damage in mice. | [190] |
HMPDA | Cys-LSA peptide (CLSALTPSPSWLKYKAL) | Dipeptidase 1 | BAPTA-AM NAD+ | DLS LC & EE% Intracellular Energy Homeostasis restoration. In vivo accumulation and antisepsis efficacy. | Size: 75.3 nm; ZP: -2.1 mV; LC: (NAD+: 23.8%, BAPTA-AM: 38.3%); EE%: (NAD+: 20.5%, BAPTA-AM: 57.9%). Superior restoration of mitochondrial function, intracellular Ca++ hemostasis, and antioxidant activity. Superior accumulation in liver, kidney, and lung of mice with LPS-induced sepsis. Prevention of organ damage with improved survival rates in septic mice. | [191] |
MSN | WLSEAGPVVTVRALRGTGSW | Primary cardiomyocytes | L-arginine | TEM DLS In vitro drug release. In vitro cellular uptake. In vivo biodistribution and efficacy. | Shape: spherical; size: 186.67Â nm; ZP: -6.23Â mV. LIFU-responsive release: increased from 11.5% to 25.6% at pH 7.4. Higher affinity and localization at cardiomyocytes compared to other cells. Significantly higher distribution and accumulation in mice's hearts than in other organs. Effective prevention of sepsis-induced cardiac injury in mice. | [192] |
Zeolite imidazolate framework-8 nanoparticles | KCSAVPLC | Kidney cells | FGF21 | TEM DLS In vitro drug release. Cellular uptake. In vitro cytoprotective effect. In vivo biodistribution and efficacy. | Shape: polyhedral; size: 120.1 ± 5.4 nm; ZP: -17.4 ± 1.4 mV; pH-responsive drug release. Significantly higher in vitro uptake by renal cellular. Superior in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic efficacy on renal cells. Preferable accumulation in kidneys and better recovery of renal function in LPS-induced septic mice. | [193] |
GBPs | D-/L-Cys-Phe (CF) dipeptide | Bacterial cells | NA | TEM and SEM. Photothermal properties assay. Bacterial cell affinity assay. In vitro and In vivo efficacy. | Shape: a spike shape (sea cucumber-like morphology); size: (Length: 200 ± 5.3 nm; width: 50 ± 2.8 nm). Higher bacterial cell affinity with the D-CF coating gave higher adsorption than L-CF. Significantly improved in vitro and in vivo efficacy. | [194] |