Fig. 2

Possible targets against FFAs-induced ED. The level of FFAs is elevated in obesity/T2DM which contributes to ED. For a healthy endothelium, a balance in the relative pathways should be maintained. Here, we highlight some targets that may serve as important therapeutic avenue against FFAs-induced ED. These targets include Irisin and Exendin-4, which can increase eNOS activity by several means, but their role in ED, specifically induced by FFAs, should be studied. The Nrf2/HO-1 axis, which is a modulator of oxidative stress, might also have great impact to overcome FFAs-induced ED