3D brain Organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells: promising experimental models for brain development and neurodegenerative disorders

Table 1 Human PSC-derived 3D brain organoid models

Brain region in organoid	Type of PSCs	Patterning factor	Extracellular Scaffolding	Spinning bioreactor	# of VZ-like regions in organoid	Days of differentiation	Reference
Rostral and caudal cortices, hem and choroid plexus	Human ESCs	Initial stage: Dkk-1, Lefty-1	-	-	Inconsistent multiple	46 days	[32]
		Rostral cortices: Fgf8
		Caudal cortices: Fgf inhibitor FGFR3-Fc
		Cortical hem and choroid: Wnt3a and BMP4
Neocortex	Human ESCs	IWR1e, SB431542	-	-	Inconsistent multiple	112 days	[33]
Dorsal cortex, ventral forebrain, retina, hippocampus, choroid plexus, midbrain-hindbrain boundary	Human ESCs/iPSCs	-	Matrigel	Yes	Inconsistent multiple	75 days	[34]
Forebrain, midbrain, hypothalamus	Human iPSCs	Forebrain organoids: dorsomorphine, A83–01, WNT3A, CHIR99021, SB-431542	Matrigel	Yes	Inconsistent multiple	120 days	[36]
		Midbrain organoids: LDN-193189, SB-431542, SHH, purmorphamine, FGF-8, CHIR99021
		Hypothalamus organoids: LDN-193189, SB-431542, 1-Thioglycerol, WNT3A, SHH, purmorphamine
Cerebral cortex	Human iPSCs	Dorsomorphin, SB431542, bFGF, EGF	-	-	Inconsistent multiple	181 days	[37]
Neocortex	Human ESCs/iPSCs	SB431542, LDN193189, PD0325901, bFGF, FGF18	-	-	1	66 days	[40]

ISSN: 1423-0127