Hyder AA, Wunderlich CA, Puvanachandra P, Gururaj G, Ko-busingye OC. The impact of traumatic brain injuries: a global perspective. Neuro Rehabilitation. 2007;22:341–53.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ruff RL, Riechers RG. Effective treatment of traumatic brain injury: learning from experience. JAMA. 2012;308:2032–3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006;21:375–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Prins ML, Giza CC. Repeat traumatic brain injury in the developing brain. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2012;30:185–90.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tagliaferri F, Compagnone C, Korsic M, Servadei F, Kraus J. Systematic review of brain injury epidemiology in Europe. Acta Neurochir. 2006;148:255–68.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shi HY, Hwang SL, Lee KT, Lin CL. Temporal trends and volume-outcome associations after traumatic brain injury: a 12- year study in Taiwan. Clinical article J Neurosurg. 2013;118:732–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Gardner RC, Burke JF, Nettiksimmons J, Kaup A, Barnes DE, Yaffe K. Dementia risk after traumatic brain injury vs nonbrain trauma: the role of age and severity. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(12):1490–7. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.2668.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Barnes DE, Kaup A, Kirby KA, Byers AL, Diaz-Arrastia R, Yaffe K. Traumatic brain injury and risk of dementia in older veterans. Neurology. 2014;83(4):312–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Greig NH, Sambamurti K, Lahiri DK, Becker RE. Amyloid-β precursor protein synthesis inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Ann Neurol. 2014;76:629–30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tweedie D, Rachmany L, Rubovitch V, Zhang Y, Becker KG, Perez E, et al. Changes in mouse cognition and hippocampal gene expression observed in a mild physical- and blast-traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis. 2013;54:1–11.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tweedie D, Rachmany L, Rubovitch V, Lehrmann E, Zhang Y, Becker KG, et al. Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist prevents mTBI-induced changes in hippocampus gene expression and memory deficits in mice. Exp Neurol. 2013;239:170–82.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goldstein LE, Fisher AM, Tagge CA, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in blast-exposed military veterans and a blast neurotrauma mouse model. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(134):134ra60.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
LaPlaca MC, Simon CM, Prado GR, Cullen DK. CNS injury biomechanics and experimental models. Prog Brain Res. 2007;161:13–26.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barkhoudarian G, Hovda DA, Giza C. The molecular pathophysiology of concussive brain injury. Clin Sports Med. 2011;30:33–48.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Greve MW, Zink BJ. Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Mt Sinai J Med. 2009;76(2):97–104.
Bachstetter AD, Norris CM, Sompol P, Wilcock DM, Goulding D, Neltner JH, et al. Early stage drug treatment that normalizes proinflammatory cytokine production attenuates synaptic dysfunction in a mouse model that exhibits age-dependent progression of Alzheimer's disease-related pathology. J Neurosci. 2012;32:10201–10. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1496-12.2012.
Schmidt OI, Heyde CE, Ertel W, Stahel PF. Closed head injury - an inflammatory disease? Brain Res Rev. 2005;48:388–99.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moppett IK. Traumatic brain injury: assessment, resuscitation and early management. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99:18–31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen G, Shi J, Hu Z, Hang C. Inhibitory effect on cerebral inflammatory response following traumatic brain injury in rats: a potential neuroprotective mechanism of N-acetylcysteine. Mediat Inflamm. 2008;2008:716458. doi:10.1155/2008/716458.
Ellis EF, Dodson LY, Police RJ. Restoration of cerebrovascular responsiveness to hyperventilation by the oxygen radical scavenger n-acetylcysteine. J Neurosurg. 1991;75(5):774–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bergold P, Haber M, Dash P, Grill R, Grin’kina N, Abdel-Baki S. Minocycline and N-Acetlycysteine modulates neuroinflammation and produces remyelination following controlled cortical impact. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29:A109–10.
Google Scholar
Hicdonmez T, Kanter M, Tiryaki M, Parsak T, Cobanoglu S. Neuroprotective effects of N-acetylcysteine on experimental closed head trauma in rats. Neurochem Res. 2006;31:473–48.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Khan M, Sekhon B, Jatana M, Giri S, Gilg AG, Sekhon C, Singh I, Singh AK. Administration of Nacetylcysteine after focal cerebral ischemia protects brain and reduces inflammation in a rat model of experimental stroke. J Res. 2004;76:519–27.
CAS
Google Scholar
Sekhon B, Sekhon C, Khan M, Patel SJ, Singh I, Singh AK. N-acetyl cysteine protects against injury in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res. 2003;971:1–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gilgun-Sherki Y, Rosenbaum Z, Melamed E, Offen D. Antioxidant therapy in acute central nervous system injury: current state. Pharmacol Rev. 2002;54:271–84.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Santangelo F. Intracellular thiol concentration modulating inflammatory response: influence on the regulation of cell functions through cysteine prodrug approach. Curr Med Chem. 2003;10:2599–610.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pahan K, Sheikh FG, Namboodiri AMS, Singh I. Nacetylcysteine inhibits induction of NO production by endotoxin or cytokine stimulated rat peritoneal macrophages, C6 glial cells and astrocytes. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998;24:39–48.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lappas M, Permezel M, Rice GE. N-acetyl-cysteine inhibits phospholipid metabolism, proinflammatory cytokine release, protease activity, and nuclear factor-kappaB deoxyribonucleic acid-binding activity in human fetal membranes in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(4):1723–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cuzzocrea S, Mazzon E, Costantino G, Serraino I, Dugo L, Calabro G, et al. Beneficial effects of nacetylcysteine on ischaemic brain injury. Br J Pharmacol. 2000;130:1219–26.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tsai SY, Hayashi T, Harvey BK, Wang Y, Wu WW, Shen RF, et al. Sigma-1 receptors regulate hippocampal dendritic spine formation via a free radical-sensitive mechanism involving Rac1•GTP pathway. PNAS. 2009;106(52):22468-73.
Eakin K, Baratz-Goldstein R, Pick CG, Zindel O, Balaban CD, Hoffer ME, et al. Efficacy of N-acetyl cysteine in traumatic brain injury. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e90617. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.009061.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Farr SA, Poon HF, Dogrukol-Ak D, Drake J, Banks WA, Eyerman E, et al. The antioxidants alpha-lipoic acid and N-acetylcysteine reverse memory impairment and brain oxidative stress in aged SAMP8 mice. J Neurochem. 2003;84:1173–83.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lanté F, Meunier J, Guiramand J, De Jesus Ferreira MC, Cambonie G, Aimar R, et al. Late N-acetylcysteine treatment prevents the deficits induced in the offspring of dams exposed to an immune stress during gestation. Hippocampus. 2008;18:602–9.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Miguel J, Kulak A, Gholam-Razaee MM, Cuenod M, Gruetter R, Do KQ. N-Acetylcysteine normalizes Neurochemical changes in the glutathione-deficient schizophrenia mouse model during development. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;71:1006–14.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Roth TL, Nayak D, Atanasijevic T, Koretsky AP, Latour LL, McGavern DB. Transcranial amelioration of inflammation and cell death after brain injury. Nature. 2014;505:223–8. doi:10.1038/nature12808.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moussawi K, Pacchioni A, Moran M, Olive MF, Gass JT, Lavin A, et al. NAcetylcysteine reverses cocaine-induced metaplasticity. Nat Neurosci. 2009;12:182–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hoffer ME, Balaban C, Slade MD, Tsao JW, Hoffer B. Amelioration of acute sequelae of blast induced mild traumatic brain injury by N-acetyl cysteine: a double-blind, placebo controlled study. PLoS One. 2013;8:e54163.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Diaz-Arrastia R, Kochanek PM, Bergold P, Kenney K, Marx C, Grimes J, et al. Pharmacotherapy of traumatic brain injury: state of the science and the road forward report of the Department of Defense Neurotrauma Pharmacology Workgroup. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31(2):135–58. doi:10.1089/neu.2013.3019.
Verbois SL, Scheff SW, Pauly JR. Time-dependent changes in rat brain cholinergic receptor expression after experimental brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2002;19:1569–85.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Murdoch I, Perry EK, Court JA, Graham DI, Dewar D. Cortical cholinergic dysfunction after human head injury. J Neurotrauma. 1998;15:295–305.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dewar D, Graham DI. Depletion of choline acetyltransferase activity but preservation of M1 and M2 muscarinic receptor binding sites in temporal cortex following head injury: a preliminary human post-mortem study. J Neurotrauma. 1996;13:181–7.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schmidt RH, Grady MS. Loss of forebrain cholinergic neurons following fluid-percussion injury: implications for cognitive impairment in closed head injury. J Neurosurg. 1995;83:496–502.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Poole NA, Agrawal N. Cholinomimetic agents and neurocognitive impairment following head injury: a systematic review. Brain Inj. 2008;22:519–34.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Holschneider DP, Guo Y, Roch M, Norman KM, Scremin OU. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition and locomotor function after motor-sensory cortex impact injury. J Neurotrauma. 2011;28:1909–19.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shaw KE, Bondi CO, Light SH, Massimino LA, McAloon RL, Monaco CM, Kline AE. Donepezil is ineffective in promoting motor and cognitive benefits after controlled cortical impact injury in male rats. J Neurotrauma. 2013;30:557–64.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Maas AIR, Stocchetti N, Bullock R. Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:728–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cornelius C, Crupi R, Calabrese V, Graziano A, Milone P, Pennisi G, et al. Traumatic brain injury: oxidative stress and neuroprotection. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013;19:836–53. doi:10.1089/ars.2012.4981.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bornstein MB. Presence and action of acetylcholine in experimental brain trauma. J Neurophysiol. 1946;9:349–66.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sachs E Jr. Acetylcholine and serotonin in the spinal fluid. J Neurosurg. 1957;14:22–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Metz B. Acetylcholine and experimental brain injury. J Neurosurg. 1971;35:523–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lyeth BG, Jiang JY, Robinson SE, Guo H, Jenkins LW. Hypothermia blunts acetylcholine increase in CSF of traumatically brain injured rats. Mol Chem Neuropathol. 1993a;18:247–56.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tower DB, McEachern D. Acetylcholine and neuronal activity. I. Cholinesterase patterns and acetylcholine in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with craniocerebral trauma. Canad J Biochem. 1949;27:105–19.
CAS
Google Scholar
Ward AA. Jr Atropine in the treatment of closed head injury. J Neurosurg;1950;7: 398–402.
Ruge D. The use of cholinergic blocking agents in the treatment of cranio-cerebral injuries. J Neurosurg. 1954;11:77–83.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lechner H. Anticholinergic therapy of craniocerebral trauma. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1963;75:560.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lyeth BG, Liu S, Hamm RJ. Combined scopolamine and morphine treatment of traumatic brain injury in the rat. Brain Res. 1993b;617:69–75.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cox CD, West EJ, Liu MC, Wang KK, Hayes RL, Lyeth BG. Dicyclomine, an M1 muscarinic antagonist, reduces biomarker levels, but not neuronal degeneration, in fluid percussion brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2008;25:1355–65.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tweedie D, Fukui K, Li Y, Yu QS, Barak S, Tamargo IA, et al. Cognitive impairments induced by concussive mild traumatic brain injury in mouse are ameliorated by treatment with Phenserine via multiple non-cholinergic and cholinergic mechanisms. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156493. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156493. eCollection 2016
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Rachmany L, Tweedie D, Rubovitch V, Yu QS, Li Y, Wang JY, et al. Cognitive impairments accompanying rodent mild traumatic brain injury involve p53-dependent neuronal cell death and are ameliorated by the tetrahydrobenzothiazole PFT-α. PLoS One. 2013;8:e79837.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Zohar O, Schreiber S, Getslev V, Schwartz JP, Mullins PG, Pick CG. Closed-head minimal traumatic brain injury produces long-term cognitive deficits in mice. Neuroscience. 2003;118:949–55.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zohar O, Rubovitch V, Milman A, Schreiber S, Pick CG. Behavioral consequences of minimal traumatic brain injury in mice. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 2011;71:36–45.
Google Scholar
Milman A, Rosenberg A, Weizman R, Pick CG. Mild traumatic brain injury induces persistent cognitive deficits and behavioral disturbances in mice. J Neurotrauma. 2005;22:1003–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baratz R, Tweedie D, Rubovitch V, Luo W, Yoon JS, Hoffer BJ, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α synthesis inhibitor, 3,6′-dithiothalidomide, reverses behavioral impairments induced by minimal traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neurochem. 2010;118:1032–42.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Greig NH, Tweedie D, Rachmany L, Li Y, Rubovitch V, Schreiber S, Chiang YH, et al. Incretin mimetics as pharmacologic tools to elucidate and as a new drug strategy to treat traumatic brain injury. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10(1 Suppl):S62–75.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gardner RC, Yaffe K. Epidemiology of mild traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2015;66(Pt B):75–80.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Crane PK, Gibbons LE, Dams-O'Connor K, Trittschuh E, Leverenz JB, Keene CD, et al. Association of Traumatic Brain Injury with Late-Life Neurodegenerative Conditions and Neuropathologic Findings. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73:1062–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Young JS, Hobbs JG, Bailes JE. The impact of traumatic brain injury on the aging brain. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18:81.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reale M, Di Nicola M, Velluto L, D'Angelo C, Costantini E, Lahiri DK, et al. Selective acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors reduce amyloid-β ex vivo activation of peripheral chemo-cytokines from Alzheimer's disease subjects: exploring the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2014;11:608–22.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lozano D, Gonzales-Portillo GS, Acosta S, de la Pena I, Tajiri N, Kaneko Y, et al. Neuroinflammatory responses to traumatic brain injury: etiology, clinical consequences, and therapeutic opportunities. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2015;11:97–106.
CAS
Google Scholar
Finnie JW. Neuroinflammation: beneficial and detrimental effects after traumatic brain injury. Inflammopharmacology. 2013;21:309–20.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Greig NH, Pei XF, Soncrant TT, Ingram DK, Brossi A. Phenserine and ring C hetero-analogues: drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev. 1995;15:3–31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Greig NH, Ruckle J, Comer P, Brownell L, Holloway HW, Flanagan DR Jr, et al. Anticholinesterase and pharmacokinetic profile of phenserine in healthy elderly human subjects. Curr Alzheimer Res 2005;2:483-492.
Winblad B, Giacobini E, Frölich L, Friedhoff LT, Bruinsma G, Becker RE, et al. Phenserine efficacy in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;22:1201–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yu Q, Greig NH, Holloway HW, Brossi A. Syntheses and anticholinesterase activities of (3aS)-N1, N8-bisnorphenserine, (3aS)-N1,N8-bisnorphysostigmine, their antipodal isomers, and other potential metabolites of phenserine. J Med Chem. 1998;41:2371–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yu QS, Reale M, Kamal MA, Holloway HW, Luo W, Sambamurti K, et al. Synthesis of the Alzheimer drug Posiphen into its primary metabolic products (+)-N1-norPosiphen, (+)-N8-norPosiphen and (+)-N1, N8-bisnorPosiphen, their inhibition of amyloid precursor protein, α-Synuclein synthesis, interleukin-1β release, and cholinergic action. Antinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 2013;12:117–28.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Frankola KA, Greig NH, Luo W, Tweedie D. Targeting TNF-α to elucidate and ameliorate neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2011;10:391–403.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chen YC, Mao H, Yang KH, Abel T, Meaney DF. A controlled cortical impact technique of model mild traumatic brain injury mechanics in mice. Front Neruol. 2014;5:100.
Google Scholar
Lilja AM, Luo Y, Yu QS, Röjdner J, Li Y, Marini AM, et al. Neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of (−)- and (+)-phenserine, candidate drugs for Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54887.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shaw KT, Utsuki T, Rogers J, Yu QS, Sambamurti K, Brossi A. Phenserine regulates translation of beta -amyloid precursor protein mRNA by a putative interleukin-1 responsive element, a target for drug development. PNAS. 2001;98:7605–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lahiri DK, Chen D, Maloney B, Holloway HW, Yu QS, Utsuki T, et al. The experimental Alzheimer’s disease drug Posiphen lowers amyloid–beta peptide levels in cell culture and mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007;320:386–96.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mikkilineni S, Cantuti-Castelvetri I, Cahill CM, Balliedier A, Greig NH, Rogers JT. The anticholinesterase phenserine and its enantiomer posiphen as 5'untranslated-region-directed translation blockers of the Parkinson's alpha synuclein expression. Parkinsons Dis. 2012;142372
Haroutunian V, Greig N, Pei XF, Utsuki T, Gluck R, Acevedo LD, et al. Pharmacological modulation of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid precursor protein levels in the CSF of rats with forebrain cholinergic system lesions. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1997;46:161–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sambamurti K, Prakasam A, Anitha S, Venugopa C, Cullen E, Zhou Y, et al. Oral phenserine tartrate treatment is associated with reduced plasma Ab 1-42 in a phase I clinical study. In, Alzheimer's disease new advances (Khalid Iqbal K, Winblad B, Avila J). Bologna: Medimond, via Maserati 5; 2007. p. 571–5.
Friedlich AL, Tanzi RE, Rogers JT. The 5′-untranslated region of Parkinson's disease alpha-synuclein messenger RNA contains a predicted iron responsive element. Mol Psychiatry. 2007;12:222–3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Olivares D, Huang X, Branden L, Greig NH, Rogers JT. Physiological and pathological role of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease through iron mediated oxidative stress; the role of a putative iron-responsive element. Int J Mol Sci. 2009;10:1226–60.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cahill CM, Lahiri DK, Huang X, Rogers JT. Amyloid precursor protein and alpha synuclein translation, implications for iron and inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1790:615–28.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith DH, Chen X, Iwata A, Graham DI. Amyloid beta accumulation in axons after traumatic brain injury in humans. J Neurosurg. 2003;98:1072–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Den Heuvel C, Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Jones NR, Reilly PL, et al. Upregulation of neuronal amyloid pre- cursor protein (APP) and APP mRNA following magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) therapy in trau- matic brain injury. Neurotrauma. 2000;17:1041–53.
Article
Google Scholar
Luth H, Holzer M, Gartner U, Staufenbiel M, Arendt T. Expression of endothelial and inducible NOS-isoforms is increased in Alzheimer’s disease, in APP23 transgenic mice and after experimental brain lesion in rat: evidence for an induction by amyloid pathology. Brain Res. 2001;913:57–67.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Iwata A, Chen X, McIntosh TK, Browne K, Smith D. Long-term accumulation of amyloid-beta in axons following brain trauma without persistent upregulation of amyloid pre- cursor protein genes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2002;61:1056–68.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith DH, Chen XH, Nonaka M, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM, Saatman KE, Leoni MJ, Xu BN, Wolf JA, Meaney DF. Accumulation of amyloid and tau and the formation of neurofilament inclusions following diffuse brain injury in the pig. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1999;58:982–92.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lahiri DK, Maloney B, Zawia NH. The LEARn model: an epigenetic explanation for idiopathic neurobiological diseases. Mol Psychiatry. 2009;14:992–1003.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maloney B, Lahiri DK. Epigenetics of dementia: understanding the disease as a transformation rather than a state. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(7):760–74.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Itoh T, Satou T, Nishida S, Tsubaki M, Hashimoto S, Ito H. Improvement of cerebral function by anti-amyloid precursor protein antibody infusion after traumatic brain injury in rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 2009;324(1-2):191–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Bjork-Eriksson T, Alborn AM, Nordborg C, Peterson DA, et al. Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nat Med. 1998;4:1313–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jin K, Minami M, Lan JQ, Mao XO, Batteur S, Simon RP, et al. Neurogenesis in dentate subgranular zone and rostral subventricular zone after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. PNAS. 2001;98:4710–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chang EH, Adorjan I, Mundim MV, Sun B, Dizon ML, Szele FG. Traumatic brain injury activation of the adult subventricular zone Neurogenic niche. Front Neurosci. 2016;10:332.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Vivar C, Potter MC, Choi J, Lee JY, Stringer TP, Callaway EM, et al. Monosynaptic inputs to new neurons in the dentate gyrus. Nat Commun. 2012;3:1107.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Vivar C, van Praag H. Functional circuits of new neurons in the dentate gyrus. Front Neural Circuits. 2013;7:15.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Luo Y, Kuo CC, Shen H, Chou J, Greig NH, Hoffer BJ, et al. Delayed treatment with a p53 inhibitor enhances recovery in stroke brain. Ann Neurol. 2009;65:520–30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sun D. Endogenous neurogenic cell response in the mature mammalian brain following traumatic injury. Exp Neurol. 2016;275(Pt 3):405–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Loane DJ, Kumar A. Microglia in the TBI brain: the good, the bad, and the dysregulated. Exp Neurol. 2016;275(Pt 3):316–27.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marutle A, Ohmitsu M, Nilbratt M, Greig NH, Nordberg A, Sugaya K. Modulation of human neural stem cell differentiation in Alzheimer (APP23) transgenic mice by phenserine. PNAS. 2007;104:12506–11.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lilja AM, Röjdner J, Mustafiz T, Thomé CM, Storelli E, Gonzalez D, et al. Modulation of amyloid-β enhances hippocampal neurogenesis in adult Tg2576 mice. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58752.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Graham DI, Ford I, Adams JH, et al. Ischaemic brain damage is still common in fatal non-missile head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52:346–50.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Miller JD. Head injury and brain ischaemia-implications for therapy. Br J Anaesth. 1985;57:120–30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Veenith TV, Carter EL, Geeraerts T, Grossac J, Newcombe VF, Outtrim J, et al. Pathophysiologic mechanisms of cerebral ischemia and diffusion hypoxia in traumatic brain injury. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73:542–50.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Greig NH, Yu QS, Mattson MP. Presenilin-1 mutation impairs cholinergic modulation of synaptic plasticity and suppresses NMDA currents in hippocampus slices. Neurobiol Aging. 2009;30:1061–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Greig NH, Sambamurti K, Yu QS, Brossi A, Bruinsma GB, Lahiri DK. An overview of phenserine tartrate, a novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2005;2:281–90.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Greig NH, De Micheli E, Holloway HW, Yu QS, Utsuki T, Perry TA, et al. The experimental Alzheimer drug phenserine: preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2000;176:74–84.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Deselms H, Maggio N, Rubovitch V, Chapman J, Schreiber S, Tweedie D, et al. Novel pharmaceutical treatments for minimal traumatic brain injury and evaluation of animal models and methodologies supporting their development. J Neurosci Methods. 2016;272:69–76.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baratz R, Tweedie D, Wang JY, Rubovitch V, Luo W, Hoffer BJ, et al. Transiently lowering tumor necrosis factor-α synthesis ameliorates neuronal cell loss and cognitive impairments induced by minimal traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neuroinflammation. 2015;12:45.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Kadir A, Andreasen N, Almkvist O, Wall A, Forsberg A, Engler H, et al. Effect of phenserine treatment on brain functional activity and amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol. 2008;63:621–31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar