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The fciTABC and feoABI systems contribute to ferric citrate acquisition in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Journal of Biomedical Science volume 29, Article number: 26 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a member of γ-proteobacteria, is a ubiquitous environmental bacterium that is recognized as an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen. FecABCD system contributes to ferric citrate acquisition in Escherichia coli. FeoABC system, consisting of an inner membrane transporter (FeoB) and two cytoplasmic proteins (FeoA and FeoC), is a well-known ferrous iron transporter system in γ-proteobacteria. As revealed by the sequenced genome, S. maltophilia appears to be equipped with several iron acquisition systems; however, the understanding of these systems is limited. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the ferric citrate acquisition system of S. maltophilia.

Methods

Candidate genes searching and function validation are the strategy for elucidating the genes involved in ferric citrate acquisition. The candidate genes responsible for ferric citrate acquisition were firstly selected using FecABCD of E. coli as a reference, and then revealed by transcriptome analysis of S. maltophilia KJ with and without 2,2′-dipyridyl (DIP) treatment. Function validation was carried out by deletion mutant construction and ferric citrate utilization assay. The bacterial adenylate cyclase two-hybrid system was used to verify intra-membrane protein–protein interaction.

Results

Smlt2858 and Smlt2356, the homologues of FecA and FecC/D of E. coli, were first considered; however, deletion mutant construction and functional validation ruled out their involvement in ferric citrate acquisition. FciA (Smlt1148), revealed by its upregulation in DIP-treated KJ cells, was the outer membrane receptor for ferric citrate uptake. The fciA gene is a member of the fciTABC operon, in which fciT, fciA, and fciC participated in ferric citrate acquisition. Uniquely, the Feo system of S. maltophilia is composed of a cytoplasmic protein FeoA, an inner membrane transporter FeoB, and a predicted inner membrane protein FeoI. The intra-membrane protein–protein interaction between FeoB and FeoI may extend the substrate profile of FeoB to ferric citrate. FeoABI system functioned as an inner membrane transporter of ferric citrate.

Conclusions

The FciTABC and FeoABI systems contribute to ferric citrate acquisition in S. maltophilia.

Background

Iron is an essential metal in almost all living organisms, and functions as a cofactor for proteins involved in redox chemistry and electron transport [1]. Therefore, iron deprivation is a critical host defense strategy against pathogenic bacterial invasion. Bacteria have evolved numerous mechanisms to counteract this iron limitation imposed by host cells. Two forms of iron are available in nature: ferric and ferrous iron. In response to iron-limiting conditions, bacteria synthesize and secrete iron-chelating molecules to pirate ferric ions from host cells. Iron chelators include siderophores, hemophores, and citrate [2]. These iron chelators capture ferric iron or hemin from the external environment, and the chelator-iron complex must be efficiently transported across the outer and inner membranes for iron utilization [3]. Distinct from ferric iron acquisition, ferrous iron can pass by diffusion, through porins, into the periplasm and then are transported into the cytosol via inner membrane ferrous iron transporters.

Bacteria acquire citrate-mediated iron sources in two ways. Most bacteria can directly utilize exogenously supplied ferric citrate as an iron source, to fulfill their nutritional requirements under iron-depleted conditions [4]. In addition, some bacteria synthesize and secrete citrate as a siderophore to obtain ferric iron when they encounter iron-limited stress [5,6,7]. Bacteria generally utilize TonB-dependent outer membrane proteins (OMPs) for ferric citrate uptake across the impermeable outer membrane. FecA is a well-known cognate OMP involved in ferric citrate uptake in several bacteria [8, 9]. However, unlike the FecA-like receptors, the inner membrane transporters for ferric citrate are poorly understood, except for fecC/D/E in Escherichia coli [10]. In the E. coli Fec system, ferric citrate is taken up by the outer membrane receptor (FecA) and is transported into the cytoplasm via the periplasmic protein FecB and inner membrane transport proteins FecC/D/E [11]. The post-outer membrane transport systems for ferric citrate acquisition are different in E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, despite the high similarity in identity of their outer membrane receptors (FecAs). No FecB/C/D/E homologues have been found in the ferric citrate acquisition system in P. aeruginosa. In contrast, citrate-mediated iron uptake is compromised in feoB mutants of P. aeruginosa [9], suggesting that FeoB is involved in the post-outer membrane transport of ferric citrate. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

Ferric iron is the major iron source for bacteria under aerobic conditions. However, under highly acidic and anaerobic conditions, ferrous iron transport systems are important for iron acquisition. Several bacterial ferrous iron transport systems have been described [12,13,14]; however, the Feo system is widely conserved among different microorganisms [15,16,17,18,19,20]. The critical member of the Feo transporter system is the inner membrane protein FeoB, which is responsible for ferrous iron transport. The simplest feo system, represented in Helicobacter pylori, is only composed of the feoB gene [16]. In some bacteria, the Feo systems contain additional cytoplasmic proteins, in addition to FeoB. For example, the feo systems of Leptospira biflexa and Campylobacter jejuni consist of feoA and feoB [19, 21]. In γ-proteobacteria, the Feo system is typically composed of three proteins, FeoA, FeoB, and FeoC; and the genes encoding these proteins generally form an operon. FeoA and FeoC are cytosolic proteins that interact with FeoB to form a complex [22, 23].

Given the lethal damage caused by excess cytoplasmic iron, iron-uptake systems must be controlled. Iron deplete conditions are generally considered as stimuli for the inducible expression of iron source acquisition systems [2]. Two regulatory mechanisms are well conserved in most Gram-negative bacteria: the transcriptional ferric uptake regulator (Fur) [24] and the surface signaling cascade [25]. The Fur protein can interact with the corepressor Fe2+, and repress the transcription of almost all genes related to iron uptake. When the intracellular Fe2+ is too low to interact with Fur, the genes repressed by the Fur-Fe2+ complex are derepressed [24]. A classic surface signaling cascade regulation system consists of a TonB-dependent receptor for iron uptake, an extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor, and a transmembrane protein that functions as the cognate anti-sigma factor [26]. In general, the three genes encoding receptors, sigma factors, and anti-sigma factors are organized into an operon. The surface signaling cascade involved in the regulation of ferric citrate acquisition has been reported in the fecIRABCDE cluster of E. coli and the fecIRA operon of P. aeruginosa [25, 27, 28].

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is ubiquitous in the environment, particularly in soil and plant rhizospheres [29]. Furthermore, this bacterium has been recognized as an important multidrug-resistant opportunistic nosocomial pathogen [30]. To inhabit diverse environmental niches, S. maltophilia should have evolved several iron acquisition systems for survival. However, the systems used by S. maltophilia to acquire iron have been poorly reported, except the FepA system for ferri-siderophore uptake [31] and the PacIRA system for xenosiderophore uptake [32]. S. maltophilia is known to synthesize stenobactin, a catecholate siderophore, depending on the entCEBBFA gene cluster [33]. FepA is a TonB-dependent OMP receptor specific for the uptake of ferri-stenobactin [31]. We surveyed the S. maltophilia K279a genome [34] and found many candidate genes whose annotation are associated with iron homeostasis. Then, the proteins encoded by these candidate genes were further analyzed by blastP tool of NCBI website to find their homologues in other bacteria. We disclosed the presence of an array of genes, whose products share protein identities with the components of the known iron acquisition systems. For example, Smlt0795, Smlt2858, Smlt2210, and Smlt2211 were shown to be the homologues of hemA, fecA, feoA, and feoB, respectively. However, little is known about the acquisition of hemin, ferric citrate, and ferrous iron in S. maltophilia. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the citrate-mediated iron acquisition system in S. maltophilia. We identified that the FciTABC and FeoABI, two previously unidentified systems, are responsible for ferric citrate utilization in S. maltophilia under iron-depleted conditions. This is distinct from the FecIRABCDE system of E. coli and the FecIRA/FeoB system of P. aeruginosa.

Methods

Bacterial strains, plasmids, and primers

The primers used in this study are listed in Additional file 9: Table S1. Additional file 10: Table S2 lists the bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study.

Construction of in-frame deletion mutants

In-frame deletion strains were constructed using double cross-over homologous recombination as described previously [35]. In brief, two DNA fragments flanking the genes of interest were amplified by PCR with the primers as indicated and then subsequently cloned into pEX18Tc to generate the mutagenic plasmids. The primers used and the resultant plasmids for mutant construction were summarized in Additional file 9: Table S1 and Additional file 10: Table S2. The pEX18Tc-derived mutagenic plasmids were transported into relevant S. maltophilia strains via conjugation. Integration of the deletion constructs into the chromosome was selected by resistance to norfloxacin (2.5 μg/ml) and tetracycline (30 μg/ml). The double cross-over tansconjugants were selected by 10% sucrose [35]. The correctness of mutants was verified by PCR and sequencing the mutated region.

Construction of complementation plasmids

Genes of interest were amplified by PCR with the primers as indicated and then cloned into pRK415 under the control of lacZ promoter. The primers used and the resultant plasmids for complementation were summarized in Additional file 9: Table S1 and Additional file 10: Table S2. After verification by sequencing, the resultant plasmids were transported into the relevant strains via conjugation.

Viability assay

The logarithmic phase bacterial strains tested were adjusted to a concentration of 2 × 105 CFU/μl followed by tenfold serial diluted. A 5 μl volume of each dilution was spotted onto the plates as indicated. After a 24-h incubation, the growth of bacterial cells was observed.

Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and operon verification

DNA-free RNA was isolated from mid-log phase KJ∆Fur cells as described previously [36]. Reverse transcription was carried out using the primers FciC-C and FeoI-C (Additional file 9: Table S1), respectively. FciC-C-derived c-DNA was used as the template for PCR using the primer sets FciTQ99-F/R, FciAQ102-F/R, and FciBQ104-F/R (Additional file 9: Table S1). FeoI-C-derived c-DNA was used as the template for PCR using the primer sets FeoAQ110-F/R and FeoBQ108-F/R (Additional file 9: Table S1). The PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel and visualized by staining with ethidium bromide.

Bacterial adenylate cyclase two-hybrid (BACTH) assay

The feoB and feoI genes were amplified by PCR using the primer sets of 25FeoB-F/R and 18FeoI-F/R (Additional file 9: Table S1), and then subsequently cloned into vectors pKT25 and pUT18, generating recombinant plasmids pKT25-FeoB and pUT18-FeoI respectively (Additional file 10: Table S2). The feoA gene was amplified by PCR using the primer sets of 25FeoA18-F/R (Additional file 9: Table S1) and then subsequently cloned into vectors pKT25 and pUT18, generating recombinant plasmids pKT25-FeoA and pUT18-FeoA (Additional file 10: Table S2), respectively. The nt 649–1863 and nt 7–636 of feoB were amplified by PCR using the primer sets of 25FeoBt-F/25FeoB-R and 25FeoB-F/25FeoBc-R (Additional file 9: Table S1), and then subsequently cloned into vector pKT25, generating recombinant plasmids pKT25-FeoBt and pKT25-FeoBc (Additional file 10: Table S2), respectively. The fciT gene was amplified by PCR using the primer sets of 18FciT-F/R (Additional file 9: Table S1), and cloned into vector pUT18, generating recombinant plasmid pUT18-FciT (Additional file 10: Table S2).

The pUT18-derived and pKT25-derived plasmids as indicated were co-transformed into a ∆cya strain (E. coli DHM1), and transformants were grown in LB medium supplemented with ampicillin, kanamycin, and 0.5 mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) for 16 h at 30 °C. The overnight cultures were harvested and assayed for β-galactosidase activity. β-galactosidase assays were performed using the method of Miller [37]. Experiments were independently repeated at least three times.

Real time-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR)

RNA was prepared from logarithmic phase bacterial cells grown in LB broth without or with additives as indicated and converted to cDNA by reverse transcription. qRT-PCR was performed by the ABI Prism 7000 Sequence Detection System according to the manufacturer’s protocols. All gene expressions were normalized with the internal control of 16S rRNA since [38]. All experiments were carried out in triplicate.

Results

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia can utilize exogenously supplied ferric citrate as an iron source for growth in iron-depleted conditions

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia can produce the catechol-type siderophore, stenobactin, under iron-depleted conditions [39]. Siderophores are the most effective iron chelators for bacteria to capture iron; thus, the contribution of other iron acquisition systems may be shielded by the functional siderophore system. In this study, S. maltophilia KJ∆Ent [32], a stenobactin-null mutant, was used as the parental strain to assess citrate-mediated iron acquisition. For the convenience of investigating the involvement of target genes in ferric citrate acquisition, we intended to establish an iron-depleted condition, at which the bacterial strains tested were not able to grow, and found that LB agar supplemented with 50 μg/mL 2,2′-dipyridyl (DIP) was feasible (Fig. 1). The growth of KJ∆Ent was inhibited in DIP-supplemented media and was restored in DIP- and ferric-citrate supplemented media (Fig. 1A), indicating that S. maltophilia can utilize ferric citrate as an iron source for growth, and its genome should contain the necessary genetic components for ferric citrate utilization.

Fig. 1
figure 1

The roles of fecA, fciTABC operon, Smlt2356, and feoABI operon in ferric citrate acquisition in an iron-depleted condition. The logarithmic-phase bacterial cells of 2 × 105 CFU/μl were tenfold serially diluted. Five microliters of bacterial suspension were spotted onto the LB agar plates as indicated. The concentrations of DIP, ferric citrate, FeSO4, and ascorbic acid used were 50 μg/ml, 110 μM, 70 μM, and 80 μM, respectively. The growth of bacterial cells was recorded after 24-h incubation at 37 °C. A Role of fecA and fciTABC operon in ferric citrate acquisition in an iron-depleted condition. B Roles of Smlt2356 and feoABI operon in the acquisition of ferric citrate and ferrous iron in an iron-depleted condition

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Smlt2858 (FecA) is not the cognate receptor for the uptake of ferric citrate

To utilize ferric citrate as an iron source, a cognate TonB-receptor is a prerequisite, such as FecA in E. coli and P. aeruginosa [9, 27, 40]. Thus, we carried out an in silico whole genome-wide survey of S. maltophilia K279a using E. coli FecA as a query. A homologue of FecA, Smlt2858, was identified. The Smlt2858 protein displayed 42% identity and 57% similarity to the FecA protein of E. coli, as well as 42% identity and 58% similarity to the FecA protein of P. aeruginosa (Fig. 2A). Thereafter, Smlt2858 was referred to as fecA hereafter. No fecI or fecR homologues were found near Smlt2858 (Fig. 2A).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Comparison of the possible ferric citrate uptake systems among S. maltophilia, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. A The genetic organizations of fecIRABCED operon of E. coli, fecIRA operon of P. aeruginosa, and their fecA homolog in S. maltophilia. Genes encoding for FecA are marked in green. The numbers labelled below the arrows indicate the protein identities and similarities compared to the S. maltophilia FecA protein. B The genetic organizations of fciTABC operon of S. maltophilia and its homologs in E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Genes encoding for FciA and its homologues are marked in green. The numbers labelled below the arrows indicate the protein identities and similarities compared to the S. maltophilia homologs

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To elucidate FecA involvement in ferric citrate acquisition, a deletion mutant (KJ∆Ent∆FecA) lacking fecA was constructed, and its growth was assessed under ferric citrate-supplemented and iron-depleted conditions. KJ∆Ent∆FecA displayed no visible growth in DIP-supplemented media and comparable growth with KJ∆Ent in DIP- and ferric citrate-supplemented media (Fig. 1A). Two possibilities were, therefore, proposed: (i) FecA is not the cognate receptor for the uptake of ferric citrate, or (ii) there is an additional ferric citrate receptor, which masks the FecA-mediated effects.

Smlt1148 (FciA) is the cognate receptor for the uptake of ferric citrate

Given the failure to demonstrate the link between fecA and ferric citrate uptake, other TonB-dependent receptors were considered. It is presumably accepted that iron acquisition systems are upexpressed in an iron-depleted condition [2]. The comparative transcriptome analysis of KJ cells with and without DIP treatment was reported in our recent study [41]. There were twelve TonB-dependent outer membrane receptors, including FecA, identified at rates of more than tenfold upregulation in DIP-treated KJ cells (Additional file 11: Table S3). We, thus, constructed the eleven TonB-dependent receptor deletion mutants in KJ∆Ent (Additional file 10: Table S2) and sought to identify the isogenic mutants that, when compared to KJ∆Ent, showed compromised growth in ferric citrate- and DIP-supplemented media. Among the eleven mutants, only KJ∆Ent∆1148 (KJ∆Ent∆FciA) showed compromised viability (Fig. 1A). Thus, we designated Smlt1148 as FciA (ferric citrate), to avoid confusion with the annotated FecAs (Smlt2858 homologues) in several S. maltophilia genomes.

Since the TonB-dependent receptors of iron-uptake systems are highly redundant in bacteria, we reinvestigated the role of FecA in ferric citrate uptake in the ∆fciA mutant. The deletion of fecA in KJ∆Ent∆FciA, yielding KJ∆Ent∆FciA∆FecA, did not further compromise growth in ferric citrate- and DIP-supplemented media (Fig. 1A). Furthermore, complementation of KJ∆Ent∆FciA with an intact fciA gene restored bacterial viability in ferric citrate-supplemented media; in contrast, the complementation assay with plasmid pFecA failed (Fig. 1A). Collectively, these results ruled out the involvement of FecA in ferric citrate acquisition.

The genomic organization surrounding fciA was surveyed in the S. maltophilia K279a genome. The fciA gene seemed to be a member of a four-gene operon Smlt1149-1148–1147-1146, designated as fciT, fciA, fciB, and fciC (Fig. 2B). The four genes were transcribed in the same orientation and were preceded by a potential binding site for Fur (Additional file 1: Fig. S1) [42]. The subcellular locations of the four proteins were predicted using CELLO v.2.5 (http://cello.life.nctu.edu.tw). The fciT gene encodes a 134 amino acid (aa) protein, whereby the N-terminus (13–35 aa) is predicted to be a transmembrane domain and the C-terminus (36–134 aa) is distributed in the periplasmic space. The 239 aa FciB protein was predicted to be a periplasmic protein, and FciC a cytoplasmic protein with features of the Fe(II)/2-oxoglutatate (2-OG)-dependent oxygenase superfamily. We were interested in understanding whether similar gene clusters existed in E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Following a genomic search, ECK0794 and ECK0795 of E. coli were found to be homologues of fciA and fciC; and PA4514, PA4515, and PA4516 of P. aeruginosa were homologues of fciA, fciC, and fciB, respectively (Fig. 2B).

The genomic organization of the fci region suggests that the four genes may form an operon, which may encode a system for ferric citrate acquisition in S. maltophilia. The presence of the fciTABC operon was verified by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) (Additional file 2: Fig. S2).

Role of the fciTABC operon in ferric citrate utilization

To investigate the involvement of the fciTABC operon in ferric citrate utilization, each gene of the fciTABC operon was mutated, individually or in combination, in KJ∆Ent to yield KJ∆Ent∆FciT, KJ∆Ent∆FciA, KJ∆Ent∆FciB, KJ∆Ent∆FciC, and KJ∆Ent∆FciTABC. The viability of each mutant in iron-limited and ferric citrate-supplemented media was assessed. As expected, mutants tested were unable to grow in DIP-supplemented media. All mutants, except for KJ∆Ent∆FciB, displayed compromised viability compared to that of KJ∆Ent (Fig. 1A).

Complementation experiments were conducted for KJ∆Ent∆FciT, KJ∆Ent∆FciA, KJ∆Ent∆FciC, and KJ∆Ent∆FciTABC by complementation with the pRK415-derived plasmid containing the respective deleted genes. All mutants, except for KJ∆Ent∆FciT, reverted viability to the parental strain levels in iron-limited and ferric citrate-supplemented media. Failure of the KJ∆Ent∆FciT complementation test led us to consider the occurrence of polar effects in KJ∆Ent∆FciT; thus, the fciA, fciB, and fciC transcript levels in KJ∆Ent∆FciT were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The fciA transcript levels, but not those of fciB and fciC, decreased significantly in KJ∆Ent∆FciT compared to those in KJ∆Ent (Additional file 3: Fig. S3), indicating that inactivation of fciT has a polar effect on the expression of fciA. The polar effect was further verified by the restoration of ferric citrate acquisition in KJ∆FciT(pFciTA) (Fig. 1A). To further verify the role of fciT in ferric citrate uptake, KJ∆Ent∆FciT was complemented by introducing plasmids pFciTA and pFciA. KJ∆Ent∆FciT(pFciTA) displayed better viability than that of KJ∆Ent∆FciT(pFciA) in ferric citrate-supplemented media (Fig. 1A); therefore, supporting the involvement of FciT in ferric-citrate acquisition.

fciA is highly conserved in S. maltophilia

The iron uptake systems of bacteria are diverse and are not always highly conserved within a species. For example, the PacIRA system, a xenosiderophore uptake system, is not well conserved among S. maltophilia isolates [32]. We were, therefore, curious about the intraspecific conservation of the fciTABC operon. To gain insight into the distribution of FciA in S. maltophilia, the fciA genes in the sequenced genomes and clinical isolates were assessed. We utilized the FciA protein sequence of KJ strain as a query to search 13 S. maltophilia genome sequences (strains K279a, Ab55555, AU12-09, D457, JV3, R551-3, EPM1, M30, WJ60, 5BA-1-2, MF89, SKK35, and RA8) available on the NCBI database. Except for strains D457 and RA8, the remaining 11 strains contained the fciA gene. The FciA proteins of the 12 strains (including the KJ strain) shared identities ranging from 91 to 100% based on pairwise sequence identity scores. In addition, the presence of the fciA gene in 14 S. maltophilia clinical isolates was determined by colony PCR using primer sets of FciAc-F/R (Additional file 9: Table S1). All isolates had fciA-positive PCR products (Additional file 4: Fig. S4).

To determine the evolutionary relationship between FciA and other known ferric citrate-associated TonB-dependent receptors, we performed a phylogenetic analysis. FecA (Smlt2858) was used for comparison (Additional file 5: Fig. S5). This analysis demonstrated that FecA of S. maltophilia is distantly related to the FecA receptors of E. coli MG1655 and P. aeruginosa PAO1. Nevertheless, S. maltophilia FciA, P. aeruginosa PA4514, and E. coli ECK0794 formed a phylogenetic clade distinct from the other assayed receptors. However, the exact functions of PA4514 and ECK0794 remain unknown.

Smlt2356, a FecC/D homologue, is not involved in ferric citrate utilization

For efficient ferric citrate utilization, ferric citrate taken up by the FciA receptor must be transported into the cytosol; thus, a ferric citrate cytoplasmic membrane permease is required. However, no obvious gene encoding cytoplasmic membrane permease was found near the fciTABC operon. In the fecABCDE model of E. coli (Fig. 2A), FecC and FecD function as inner membrane permeases for ferric citrate transportation [10]. Therefore, we used FecC and FecD as queries to search for homologues in the S. maltophilia K279a genome, and Smlt2356 was identified as a candidate. The Smlt2356 homologue is a 347 aa inner membrane protein, which exhibited 34% identity and 52% similarity to FecC, as well as 35% identity and 54% similarity to FecD. The genomic organization surrounding Smlt2356 further supported its involvement in iron-complex utilization. The Smlt2356 gene forms part of a six-gene cluster, Smlt2353-2358, which encodes periplasmic esterase (Smlt2353), periplasmic ATP-binding protein (Smlt2354), periplasmic transport lipoprotein (Smlt2355), the FecC/D family inner membrane protein (Smlt2356), cytoplasmic protein (Smlt2357), and periplasmic protein (Smlt2358). It was, therefore, important to investigate the involvement of Smlt2356 in ferric citrate utilization; thus, we assessed the viability of KJ∆Ent∆2356 in ferric citrate- and DIP-supplemented media. KJ∆Ent∆2356 displayed viability comparable to that of KJ∆Ent (Fig. 1B), tentatively ruling out the involvement of Smlt2356 in ferric citrate utilization in S. maltophilia. Thus, in S. maltophilia, the genes associated with the transport of ferric citrate across the inner membrane are located elsewhere in the genome; in contrast to E. coli where, operons are composed of the genes associated with the transport of ferric citrate across the outer and inner membranes.

feoA, feoB, and feoI are required for ferric citrate acquisition

FeoB, a well-known ferrous iron inner membrane transporter, has been reported to be involved in citrate-mediated iron acquisition [9, 16, 21]. Therefore, we sought to explore whether FeoB participates in ferric citrate acquisition in S. maltophilia.

A survey of the S. maltophilia K279a genome [34] revealed the presence of two genes, Smlt2210 and Smlt2211, whose products share protein identities with the FeoABC systems of different bacteria (Additional file 6: Fig. S6) and were, therefore, designated as FeoA and FeoB, respectively. However, it is worth mentioning that the protein encoded by Smlt2212 is predicted as an inner-membrane protein by CELLO v.2.5: subcellular Localization predictor (http://cello.life.nctu.edu.tw/); whereas, the FeoC proteins characterized in other bacteria, such as E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and V. cholera, are cytoplasmic proteins [43, 44]. To distinguish Smlt2212 from the previously known FeoC proteins, we designated Smlt2212 as FeoI (inner membrane). Our assessment showed that: (i) FeoA is an 84 aa cytoplasmic protein; (ii) FeoB is an inner membrane transmembrane protein consisting of a hydrophilic N-terminus, containing G protein-like motifs, and a hydrophobic C-terminus, composed of 11 transmembrane segments; and (iii) Predicted by TMHMM Server v. 2.0 (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/service.php?TMHMM-2.0), FeoI spans the inner membrane through a single transmembrane helix flanked by cytoplasmic- and periplasmic-orientated moieties at the N and C termini. The feoABI cluster appeared to have an operonic structure. To test this hypothesis, we performed RT-PCR and verified the presence of the feoABI operon (Additional file 7: Fig. S7).

To determine whether the feoABI operon is involved in ferric citrate utilization, in-frame deletions in feoA, feoB, or feoI were introduced into the chromosome of KJ∆Ent to generate the deletion mutants KJ∆Ent∆FeoA, KJ∆Ent∆FeoB, and KJ∆Ent∆FeoI. The feoABI operon deletion mutant KJ∆Ent∆FeoABI was also prepared. Bacterial viability was assessed to determine whether growth was affected by feo inactivation. Compared to that of KJ∆Ent, the viabilities of all the mutants, except KJ∆Ent∆FeoI, were slightly compromised in LB agar (Fig. 1B). Furthermore, all the mutants displayed significantly compromised viabilities compared to that of the parental strain in ferric citrate-containing and iron-depleted media. Moreover, the viabilities were almost restored to that of the parental strain when the deleted genes were complemented (Fig. 1B). This indicated that each member of the feoABI system contributes to ferric citrate acquisition under iron-limited conditions.

In addition to ferric citrate, the role of the feoABI operon in ferrous iron acquisition was also investigated, as the feo system is a well-known ferrous iron acquisition system in several microorganisms [45]. Ferrous iron utilization was studied using ascorbate-reduced and FeSO4-containing media. Inactivation of feoA or feoB from the chromosome of KJ∆Ent significantly compromised cell viability in FeSO4-containing media, and the viabilities were restored when the deleted gene were in-trans complemented (Fig. 1B). Interestingly, KJ∆Ent∆FeoI displayed viability comparable to that of KJ∆Ent (Fig. 1B), indicating that the loss of feoI has no negative impact on FeSO4 acquisition. Collectively, feoA and feoB, but not feoI, are required for ferrous iron acquisition.

Intra-membrane protein–protein interactions occur between FeoB and FeoI

These previous results suggested that the FeoB substrate profile could be modulated by FeoI. Given that FeoI is predicted as an inner membrane protein, we speculated that there was an intermolecular interaction between FeoB and FeoI proteins. The bacterial adenylate cyclase two-hybrid system [46] was used to test this hypothesis. First, FeoB was translationally fused in frame with T25 on its N-terminus (pKT25-FeoB) and FeoI was translationally fused in frame with T18 on its C-terminus (pUT18-FeoI). The E. coli strain DHM1 co-expressing pKT25-FeoB and pUT18-FeoI expressed an approximately 42-fold higher β-galactosidase activity level than those in the control strains (Fig. 3). A similar procedure was used for the assessment of FeoA-FeoB and FeoA-FeoI protein–protein interactions, and no associations were detected (Additional file 8: Fig. S8). Second, to further localize the interactive region between FeoB and FeoI, the transmembrane region (aa 217–621) and cytosolic region (aa 2–212) of FeoB were individually cloned into pKT25 to yield pKT25-FeoBt (containing the transmembrane region of FeoB) and pKT25-FeoBc (containing the cytosolic region of FeoB). Significant β-galactosidase activity levels were detected in the E. coli strain DHM1 co-expressing pKT25-FeoBt and pUT18-FeoI, but not in the E. coli strain DHM1 co-expressing pKT25-FeoBc and pUT18-FeoI (Fig. 3). This result further supported that FeoI is an inner membrane protein and an intra-membrane protein–protein interaction occurs between FeoB and FeoI.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Protein–protein interaction assessed by bacterial adenylate cyclase two-hybrid (BACTH) system. Beta-galactosidase activity was determined in E. coli DHM1 strain coexpressing pUT18- and pKT25-derived plasmids. The pUT18- and pKT25-derived plasmids as indicated were co-transformed into E. coli DHM1. The transformants were grown in LB broth with ampicillin, kanamycin and IPTG for 16 h. Beta-galactosidase activity was determined and expressed as Miller units. Black dots represent the results of three independent experiments. Each bar represents the mean value of three independent experiments. *, P < 0.01, significance calculated by Student’s t test. White bars: Void, pUT18 & pKT25; FeoB control, pKT25-FeoB & pUT18; FeoI control, pKT25 & pUT18-FeoI; FeoBt control, pKT25-FeoBt & pUT18; FeoBc control, pKT25-FeoBc & pUT18. Black bars: FeoB-FeoI, pKT25-FeoB & pUT18-FeoI; FeoBt-FeoI, pKT25-FeoBt & pUT18-FeoI; FeoBc-FeoI, pKT25-FeoBc & pUT18-FeoI. Gray bar: RseA-RpoE, pKT25-RseA & pUT18-RpoE (as a positive control)

Full size image

Since FciT is also predicted as an inner member protein, we wondered whether similar intra-membrane protein–protein interactions also occur between FeoB and FciT. A similar procedure was applied; however, no significant β-galactosidase activity level was detected in the E. coli strain DHM1 co-expressing pKT25-FeoB and pUT18-FciT (Additional file 8: Fig. S8).

Regulation of fciTABC and feoABI expression

The impact of Fur, iron depletion, citrate, and ferric citrate on fciA and feoB expression was investigated by determining the fciA and feoB transcript levels under iron replete and iron-depleted conditions. Inactivation of fur resulted in an approximately 17.3-fold upregulation of fciA transcript; however, neither citrate nor ferric citrate played a significant role in the induction of fciTABC operon expression in an iron replete condition (Fig. 4A). In response to DIP challenge, fciA transcript of KJ cells had a 13.6-fold increment and this upregulation level was not further significantly enhanced by the treatment of citrate or ferric citrate (Fig. 4A). As for the feoB transcript, it was moderately upregulated in the fur mutant (5.7-fold increment), but no significant changes were observed in response to the challenge of DIP, citrate, and ferric citrate, either alone or combined (Fig. 4B).

Fig. 4
figure 4

Regulation of fciA and feoB expression. Overnight culture of S. maltophilia strains tested was inoculated into fresh LB without or with the additives as indicated at an initial OD450nm of 0.15. The fciA transcript (A) and feoB transcript (B) were quantified by qRT-PCR after a 5-h incubation. The concentrations of additives were 30 μg/ml for DIP, 1 mM for citrate, and 1 mM for ferric citrate. The relative transcript level was calculated using the transcript level of KJ cells grown in LB broth as 1. Black dots represent the results of three independent experiments. Bars represent the mean from three independent experiments. *, P < 0.01, significance calculated by Student’s t test

Full size image

Discussion

Citrate-promoted iron acquisition in several bacteria has been recognized for some time, and FecA is a well-studied outer membrane receptor for ferric citrate acquisition in E. coli and P. aeruginosa [8, 9] (Fig. 5A, B). The E. coli FecA protein (FecAEc) and P. aeruginosa FecA protein (FecAPa) share 63% identity and 73% similarity. Subsequently, fecA homologous genes have been annotated in many sequenced bacterial genomes based on their encoded protein sequences that are identical to FecAEc and FecAPa. However, the exact functions of these annotated FecA proteins have not yet been clearly elucidated. FecASm (Smlt2858) was the first candidate considered as the ferric citrate receptor in S. maltophilia, as it demonstrated the highest identity to FecAEc and FecAPa. Nevertheless, the functional investigation of FecASm did not reveal its role in ferric citrate acquisition (Fig. 1A). However, we demonstrated that FciA (Smlt1148) is the main receptor for ferric citrate acquisition in S. maltophilia KJ (Fig. 1A) even though the protein sequence identity between FciA and FecAEc was not as high as that between FecASm and FecAEc. The functional studies of FciA and FecASm exemplify the limits of assigning protein functions using bioinformatic methods. A similar result was observed in Smlt2356 and E. coli FecC/D (Fig. 1B). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that FecASm, rather than FciA, was phylogenetically closer to FecAEc and FecAPa, and S. maltophilia FciA, E. coli ECK0794, and P. aeruginosa PA4514 were phylogenetically clustered (Additional file 5: Fig. S5). The functions of ECK0794 and PA4515 are unclear; thus, the significance of the FciA/ECJ0794/PA4515 phylogenetic cluster cannot be concluded. However, we can conclude that FciA in S. maltophilia is a novel TonB-dependent OMP receptor responsible for the uptake of ferric citrate.

Fig. 5
figure 5

Comparisons of the ferric citrate acquisition systems between E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. maltophilia. A The ferric citrate acquisition system of E. coli. Ferric citrate is translocated into the periplasm through the TonB-dependent outer membrane receptor FecA. Meanwhile, the ferric citrate-FecA interaction results in a signal transmission from FecA, via the inner membrane-spanning FecR, to the cytoplasmic sigma factor FecI. FecI then directs the expression of the fecABCDE operon. In the periplasm, FecB shuttles ferric citrate into the cytoplasm through the inner membrane transport system FecC/D/E. B The ferric citrate acquisition system of P. aeruginosa. Ferric citrate is translocated into the periplasm via FecA and initiates the signaling transduction via FecR to FecI. FeoB is an inner membrane transporter responsible for citrate-mediated iron acquisition. The model suggests that the ferric iron, released from ferric citrate, in the periplasm is reduced to ferrous iron and subsequently transported into the cytosol via FeoB. C The ferric citrate acquisition system of S. maltophilia. Ferric citrate is translocated into the periplasm via FciA. Ferric citrate is then transported across the inner membrane via the FeoABI inner membrane transporter system. The fciA gene is a member of the fciTABC operon. FciT and FciC, but not FciB, participate in citrate-mediated iron acquisition. FeoI can modulates the FeoB-mediated ferric citrate transportation via an intra-membrane protein–protein interaction

Full size image

The best understood post-outer membrane transport system for ferric citrate in Gram-negative bacteria is the fecBCDE system of E. coli; whereby, periplasmic ferric citrate is carried by periplasmic protein FecB and subsequently transported into the cytoplasm via the inner membrane transporter system FecC/D/E [10] (Fig. 5A). Additionally, the involvement of FeoB in post-outer membrane ferric citrate acquisition has been proposed in H. pylori, L. biflexa, and P. aeruginosa [9, 16, 21]. However, the feo systems of these microorganisms are different from that of S. maltophilia. The feo systems of H. pylori, L. biflexa, and P. aeruginosa are composed of feoB, feoAB, and feoABC, respectively. In particular, the FeoC of P. aeruginosa is a cytoplasmic protein that is distinct from the FeoI of S. maltophilia, which is predicted as an inner-transmembrane protein. Unfortunately, the role of FeoC in ferric citrate acquisition has not yet been investigated in P. aeruginosa [9]. In the known feoABC system of S. enterica, FeoC is a cytoplasmic protein that binds and protects the FeoB transporter from FtsH-mediated proteolysis [43]. Furthermore, FeoC possesses an Fe-S cluster-binding site, which may make it oxygen-sensitive and susceptible to degradation by Lon protease under high-oxygen conditions [47]. However, an Fe-S cluster-binding site was not identified in S. maltophilia FeoI. No evidence supports the involvement of the FeoABC system in citrate-mediated iron acquisition in S. enterica. Before this study, ferrous iron was thought to be the sole substrate for the FeoB transporter. Proposed models in H. pylori and P. aeruginosa suggest that the ferric iron, released from ferric citrate, is reduced to ferrous iron in the periplasm and subsequently transported into the cytoplasm via FeoB [9, 16] (Fig. 5B). In this study, we revealed a novel feo system, FeoABI, in S. maltophilia, which can transport both ferrous iron and ferric citrate. Inactivation of feoI significantly compromised stenobactin-null KJ cells (KJ∆Ent) to utilize ferric citrate, but not ferrous iron, as the iron sources to support growth in an iron-depleted condition (Fig. 1B), supporting that FeoI displays a critical role in modulating the substrate profile of FeoB transporter. FeoI seems to exert its function via intra-membrane protein–protein interactions with FeoB to extend the ability of FeoB to transport ferric citrate. Thus, our results support that ferric citrate is a compatible substrate for the FeoABI system in S. maltophilia. However, the possibility that iron is dissociated from citrate in periplasm and then transported via FeoB as ferrous iron was not immediately ruled out, even though it seems not to be the dominant way.

Given that balanced iron levels are critical for bacterial survival, it has been proposed that the citrate-mediated iron acquisition systems of E. coli and P. aeruginosa are induced in the conditions of iron limitation and ferric citrate availability [4, 9]. The iron limitation alone is not enough to induce the fecA expression in P. aeruginosa [9]. However, in this study, we found that iron limitation alone was enough to upregulate fciA expression and the presence of citrate or ferric citrate hardly further enhanced its expression in S. maltophilia (Fig. 4A). Collectively, citrate and ferric citrate seem not to play a significant role in the fciTABC induction of S. maltophilia, unlike their involvement in the fecA induction of E. coli and P. aeruginosa [4, 9].

The surface signaling cascade and Fur are known key regulatory mechanisms for iron utilization in several bacteria [24, 25]. Furthermore, the expression of ferric citrate acquisition components, in E. coli and P. aeruginosa, is regulated by the surface signaling cascade composed of fecA and fecI, that encode an extracytoplasmic function sigma factor; and fecR, that encodes the cognate anti-sigma factor [25, 27], (Fig. 2A). However, homologues of fecI and fecR were not found in the vicinity of fciA (Fig. 2B), suggesting that the ferric citrate transport system in S. maltophilia may not be regulated by the surface signaling cascade, or the regulators could be located elsewhere in the genome.

Conclusion

In response to iron-depleted stress, S. maltophilia is able to utilize ferric citrate as the sole iron source for growth. Figure 5C presents a ferric citrate acquisition model that concludes the experimental results of this study. Under iron-depleted conditions, ferric citrate is taken up by FciA, a TonB-dependent outer membrane protein, and then mainly transported across the inner membrane via the FeoABI system. The fciA is a member of fciTABC operon, in which fciT, fciA, and fciC contribute to ferric citrate acquisition. The FeoABI system functions as an inner membrane transporter for both ferrous iron and ferric citrate. FeoI is required for FeoB-mediated ferric citrate transportation but is dispensable for FeoB-mediated ferrous iron transportation. The expression of fciTABC and feoABI operons is regulated by Fur and iron limitation and less related to citrate and ferric citrate. Collectively, the FciTABC and FeoABI systems are vital for ferric citrate acquisition in S. maltophilia.

Availability of data and materials

Data and materials related to this study are available upon request.

Abbreviations

DIP:

2,2′-Dipyridyl

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcription-PCR

qRT-PCR:

Real time quantitative PCR

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Acknowledgements

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Funding

This study was funded by grant MOST 108-2320-B-010-032-MY3 from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan and grant 111DN28 from the National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Far Eastern Memorial Hospital Joint Research Program.

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  1. Chun-Hsing Liao and Hsu-Feng Lu contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Infectious Disease, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan

    Chun-Hsing Liao

  2. Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Chun-Hsing Liao & Yi-Tsung Lin

  3. Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Hsu-Feng Lu

  4. Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Hsin-Hui Huang, Yu Chen & Tsuey-Ching Yang

  5. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    Li-Hua Li

  6. Ph.D. Program of Medical Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Li-Hua Li

  7. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    Yi-Tsung Lin

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Contributions

CHL and HFL; conceptualization, experiment design, and draft preparation. HFL, HHH, YC, LHL, and YTL; experiments performance and data analysis. CHL and TCY; funding acquisition. TCY; project administration, data interpretation, and manuscript writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Supplementary Information

Additional file 1: Fig. S1.

Diagram of fciTABC operon and its promoter region in S. maltophilia.

Additional file 2: Fig. S2.

FciTABC operon verification of S. maltophilia.

Additional file 3: Fig. S3.

Polar effect assessment of KJ∆Ent∆FciT.

Additional file 4: Fig. S4.

The prevalence of fciA gene in S. maltophilia clinical isolates.

Additional file 5: Fig. S5.

Phylogenetic relationship between FecA and FciA of S. maltophilia and their homologs in other bacteria.

Additional file 6: Fig. S6.

The genetic organization of feoABI operon of S. maltophilia and its homologues in P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and V. cholera.

Additional file 7: Fig. S7.

FeoABI operon verification of S. maltophilia.

Additional file 8: Fig. S8.

Protein–protein interaction assessed by bacterial adenylate cyclase two-hybrid (BACTH) system.

Additional file 9: Table S1.

Primers used for the construction of pEX18Tc-derived mutagenic plasmids, complementation plasmids, operon validation, and qRT-PCR

Additional file 10: Table S2.

Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study

Additional file 11: Table S3.

Transcriptomic analysis of TonB-dependent outer membrane receptor genes differentially expressed in S. maltophilia KJ with and without the DIP treatment

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Liao, CH., Lu, HF., Huang, HH. et al. The fciTABC and feoABI systems contribute to ferric citrate acquisition in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. J Biomed Sci 29, 26 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-022-00809-y

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Journal of Biomedical Science

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